Table 1.
Composition and nutrient levels of diets (g/kg).
Table 2.
Primers used in the real-time PCR.
Table 3.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on growth performance1 of broilers.
Table 4.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on the relative weight1 of immune organs and serum parameters of broilers (21 d of age).
Table 5.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on intestinal biochemical indicies1 of broilers (21 d of age).
Table 6.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on intestinal morphology1 of broilers (21 d of age).
Table 7.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on the relative mRNA expression of ileal genes1 of broilers (21 d of age).
Fig 1.
Venn graph for ileal microbiota of broilers at 21 d of age (n 8).
Each circle represents a group of samples. The numbers of common bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are displayed in the overlapping section between different circles, while the numbers in the non-overlapping section between different circles represent the number of their respectively unique OTUs. C, control group; L, low-dose (0.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; M, medium-dose (1.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; H, high-dose (2.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus.
Fig 2.
Similarity analysis of ileal microbiota between the control and Kluyveromyces marxianus-treated birds (n 8).
a. Clustering analysis: the left is UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean) clustering tree structure, while the relative abundance of main taxa at phylum taxonomic level is displayed on the right. b. PCA: abscissa represents the first principal component, ordinate represents the second principal component, and the percentage represents the contribution of the principal component to the sample difference. C, control group; L, low-dose (0.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; M, medium-dose (1.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; H, high-dose (2.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus.
Fig 3.
Effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus on the relative abundance of main taxa (top ten) in the ileum at different taxonomic levels of broilers (n 8).
C, control group; L, low-dose (0.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; M, medium-dose (1.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus; H, high-dose (2.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus.
Fig 4.
Differentiated species between the control and high-dose group with Kluyveromyces marxianus (n 8).
Mean proportions, 95% confidence intervals and P values are represented for each taxon for the two groups of birds. T-tests were used when comparing the relative abundance of individual taxa between different groups. C, control group; H, high-dose (2.5 g/kg) group with K. marxianus.