Fig 1.
(A) The suggested effects of PtNPs on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is based on binding of PtNPs to the Taq DNA polymerase, which leads to ceasing of PCR, (B) whereas CisPt primarily intercalates in DNA structure and stops PCR by this way. The gel electrophoregrams of PCR product mixture with particular concentration of (C) PtNPs (0.04–4 200 ng/mL of Pt) and (D) CisPt (0.04–42 000 ng/mL of Pt). (E) DNA denaturation temperature affected by the 0–200 μg/mL of Pt derivatives. Fluorescence of labelled nucleotides of DNA fragment after sequencing, which was influenced by (F) 0–20 μg/mL of PtNPs and (G) 0–0.33 μg/mL of CisPt. For all measurement n = 3.
Fig 2.
(A) The alkaline comet assay of nuclear DNA from human fibroblasts (HFF) treated with (a) cisplatin (0–200 μg/mL of Pt) encapsulated in liposome LipoCisPt, (b) same concentration of CisPt only, (c) PtNPs encapsulated in liposome LipoPtNPs and (d) free PtNPs. (B) The index of damage of CisPt and LipoCisPt. (C) The index of damage of PtNPs and LipoPtNPs. (D) The nuclear DNA of human fibroblast and summarized their total damage. For all measurement n = 3.
Fig 3.
The effect of platinum derivatives on both bacterial and human cells after application of platinum derivatives alone or encapsulated in liposomes.
Relative change of growth rate of (A) S. aureus bacterial culture and (C) HFF after treatment with Pt-derivatives (100 μg/mL of Pt) during 24 h (bacterial culture) and 100 h (HFF) long experiments. (a) Cell culture without any treatment, (b) LipoCisPt, (c) CisPt, (d) LipoPtNPs and (e) PtNPs. Percentage survival of (B) S. aureus bacterial culture and (D) human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) after 24 and 100 h of treatment with Pt-derivatives (100 μg/mL of Pt) alone and encapsulated in liposomes. For all measurement n = 3.
Fig 4.
Selected haematological parameters of erythrocytes mixture with platelets and oxidative stress (GSH/GSSG) in the mixture after application of Pt derivatives encapsulated in liposomes or alone in concentrations 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of Pt and 0, 0.6, 1.3, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL of liposomes.
(A) Histograms of (a) erythrocytes and (b) platelets, and (c) visualisations of liposomes in the Baso channel after application of LipoCisPt, CisPt, LipoPtNPs and PtNPs. GSH/GSSG ratio of erythrocytes mixture with platelets in the same concentrations as in A—(B) LipoCisPt, (C) CisPt, (D) LipoPtNPs, and (E) PtNPs. (F) Mean of GSH/GSSG ratio. For all measurement n = 3, significant difference is indicated by *p<0.05.
Fig 5.
(A) Effect of CisPt on the somatic cell. (B) Proposed effect of PtNPs on the somatic cell. Figure prepared according to [54].