Fig 1.
(A) Location of (Tell el-Daba'a) on the Nile Delta. (B) Ancient branches of the Nile. (C) Chronology of Tell el-Daba'a and Egypt. (D) Geology and chronology of the studied strata.
Table 1.
Collected samples specification.
Table 2.
Present plant vegetation cover surrounding the study area at Tell el-Daba'a (Avaris archaeological site).
Fig 2.
Predynastic house with mudbrick walls.
Fig 3.
Pottery pots and jars excavated from the Tell el-Daba'a archaeological site.
Fig 4.
Representative photomicrographs (x 1000) of the pollen spores identified.
(a) cereals type 45 um, (b) wild grasses 28 and 43 um, (c) Viciafaba 45 um, (d) Acacia type 48 um, (e) cluster of Apiaceae type 33 um, (f) Achillea type 32 um, (g) “Cheno-am” type 30 um, (h) Malvaceae type 49 um, (i) Lamiaceae type 36 um, (j) Olea type 24um, (k) Sesame type 49 um, (l) date palm 29 um, (m) Nymphaea type 48 um, (n) Typha type 39 um, (o) Cyperus type 43 um, (p) Lycopodium spore 50 um.
Fig 5.
(A) Mudbrick R/1- L/61 str K., 12th Dynasty Sesostris 111 about 1900 B.C. (B) Mudbrick H/111- Q/18- PL3. Wall D2, 18th Dynasty. New Kingdom about 1750 BC. (C) Mudbrick R/1- L/61 str K, Late 12th Dynasty. About 1820 BC. (D) Mudbrick H/111- Q/18- PL3. Wall D2, 18th Dynasty. New Kingdom about 1750 BC. (E) Mud brick H/111-r/18- PL3. Wall str 1, 18th Dynasty. New Kingdom about 1550 BC. (F) Kitchen remains H/III-Q/19.L7 str B., 11th Dynasty. Middle Kingdom. 2124–1778 BC. (G) Kitchen remains No2.H/III-Q/19, L7. strbB, 19th Dynasty. New Kingdom 1750–1058 BC. (H) Tomb filling jar A/II, P15.pl3-N/2wa, Late period 1000–600 BC. (I) Tree pit R/1-I/61Sur 19th Dynasty. New Kingdom/ 1750–1085 BC.
Table 3.
Relative abundance of different pollen and spore types at Tell el-Daba'a (Avaris archaeological site).