Fig 1.
Location of genetic clusters for Norwegian and Swedish brown bears.
a) only females, membership to a cluster is indicated by color, red = cluster 1, blue = cluster 2, yellow = cluster 3, green = cluster 4, darkest = membership value q ≥ 0.9; medium = q ≥ 0.8; lightest = q ≥ 0.7; black squares = q < 0.7; b) only males, colors correspond to a).
Fig 2.
Location of female brown bears belonging to the different genetic subclusters in Scandinavia, determined by the reanalysis of each previously determined cluster.
Individuals whose membership could not be determined (q < 0.7) are colored black. a) Subclusters within cluster 1, b) subclusters within cluster 3, c) subclusters within cluster 4. Note that the colors used to depict subcluster membership do not correspond to the color coding used in the other maps.
Fig 3.
Location of male brown bears belonging to the different genetic subclusters in Scandinavia, determined by the reanalysis of each previously determined cluster.
Individuals whose membership could not be determined (q < 0.7) are colored black. a) subclusters within cluster 3, b) subclusters within cluster 4. Note that the colors used to depict subcluster membership do not correspond to the color coding used in the other maps.
Fig 4.
Loiselle kinship coefficient for brown bears in Scandinavia.
One distance class is 40 km, solid black line = females; broken black lines = males; solid gray lines = females and males combined; 95% confidence intervals are displayed accordingly.
Fig 5.
Spatial autocorrelation of female versus male brown bears compared within each cluster in Scandinavia.
Distance class of 5 km (x axis); the genetic correlation coefficient (r, y-axis) is given as a solid line for females and a dashed line for males. The 95% confidence intervals for the null hypothesis of random distribution of genotypes, as well as bootstrap errors, are displayed in the same manner.
Fig 6.
Combined spatial autocorrelation analysis for genetic clusters 3 and 4 for brown bears in Scandinavia.
Distance class of 5 km (x axis); the analysis uses the multiple population approach, which sums the individual components for calculating rc as a division of the total numerator and denominator across populations, rather than the simple arithmetic mean. The genetic correlation coefficient (rc, y axis) is given as a solid thick line for females and a dashed thick line for males. The 95% confidence intervals for the null hypothesis of random distribution of genotypes, as well as bootstrap errors, are displayed correspondingly in a thin line.
Fig 7.
Result of the CoDiDi analysis showing the negative correlation between marker diversity and GST value in the Scandinavian brown bear population.
The simple regression fitted through the data points is depicted as a dashed line, the slope of it is given in the graph. The p value of the correlation analysis was 0.053.
Table 1.
Expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) and fixation index (FIS) per genetic cluster, estimated separately for female and male brown bears in Scandinavia.
Table 2.
Genetic differentiation among genetic clusters of Scandinavian brown bears assessed by FST-, GST-, G’ST- and Joost's Dest-estimation.
Table 3.
Number of migrants per generation among the four genetic clusters of brown bears in Scandinavia.
Table 4.
Percentage of self-recruitment and directional migration/gene flow of brown bears in Scandinavia among regions.