Table 1.
Morphological measures (means ± 1 SE; values in mm) for alate and ergatoid queens of Monomorium sp. AZ-02; N = 20 per caste (≤ 2 queens per colony).
Table 2.
Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for alate and ergatoid queens of Monomorium sp. AZ-02.
Fig 1.
Photographs of Monomorium sp. AZ-02 alate queen (A-C) (CASENT0914346) and ergatoid queen (D-F) (CASENT0914351). (A, D) frontal view of head, (B, E) dorsal view of body, (C, F) lateral view of body. Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
Fig 2.
Photographs of Monomorium sp. AZ-02 alate queen (A-B) (CASENT0914346) and ergatoid queen (C-D) (CASENT0914351). (A, C) close-up dorsal view of mesosoma, (B, D) close-up lateral view of mesosoma. Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org. Panels C-D show segments of mesosoma: 1 = pronotum; 2 = mesoscutum; 3 = anepisternum; 4 = katepisternum; 5 = axilla; 6 = mesoscutellum; 7 = metanotum; 8 = propodeum.
Fig 3.
Neighbor-joining tree for alate and ergatoid queens of Monomorium sp. AZ-02 from our study site at Coon Bluff, Pinal County, Arizona, USA, and one sample from south of Tucson (= *); ● = alate queen; □ = ergatoid queen.
The tree was reconstructed using Kimura 2-parameter pairwise distances between sequences for a 420 base pair region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I; 37 sites were parsimony informative. Bootstrap values (10,000 repetitions) are given at branch nodes. Superscripts next to phenotype symbols correspond to haplotypes; samples with the same number have the same haplotype. See text for information on outgroup samples.
Table 3.
Known queen phenotypes for Monomorium minimum-group species in North America; species are listed alphabetically.
For queen phenotype: EQ = ergatoid queen; AQ = alate queen. Taxonomy follows Bolton [33].
Table 4.
Species of Monomorium outside of North America that have ergatoid queens (EQ) or brachypterous (= non-functional, short-winged) queens (BQ); alate queens (AQ) also occur in some of these species.
Table 5.
Species of Monomorium outside of North America that have ergatoid queens and/or worker-queen intercastes or worker-queen intergrades (WQI) (in parentheses).