Fig 1.
Evidence network diagram for primary outcome of efficacy among therapeutic classes.
Solid lines represent direct comparisons within randomised trials. Nodes in blue represent controls. Nodes in green represent psychological interventions. Nodes in grey represent pharmacological interventions. Nodes in purple represent complementary and alternative medicine interventions. Nodes in red represent combined interventions. Size of node is proportional to number of randomised trials, and thickness of line connecting nodes is proportional to number of randomised trials directly comparing the two treatments. PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Fig 2.
Evidence network diagram for primary outcome of efficacy among individual therapies.
Solid lines represent direct comparisons within randomised trials. Nodes in blue represent controls. Nodes in green represent psychological interventions. Nodes in grey represent pharmacological interventions. Nodes in purple represent complementary and alternative medicine interventions. Nodes in red represent combined interventions. Size of node is proportional to number of randomised trials, and thickness of line connecting nodes is proportional to number of randomised trials directly comparing the two treatments. AMPH = amphetamine. ATX = atomoxetine. CLON = clonidine. GUAN = guanfacine. MODAF = modafinil. CARBA = carbamazepine. BUP = bupropion. DESIP = desipramine. REBOX = reboxetine. VENLAF = venlafaxine. RISP = risperidone. THIO = thioridazine. L-CARN = L-carnitine. HYP = hypericum. C, P, T training = child, parent and/or teacher training. P training = parent training. C training = child training. T training = teacher training. WM training = working memory training.
Fig 3.
Evidence network diagram for primary outcome of acceptability among therapeutic classes.
Solid lines represent direct comparisons within randomised trials. Nodes in blue represent controls. Nodes in green represent psychological interventions. Nodes in grey represent pharmacological interventions. Nodes in purple represent complementary and alternative medicine interventions. Nodes in red represent combined interventions. Size of node is proportional to number of randomised trials, and thickness of line connecting nodes is proportional to number of randomised trials directly comparing the two treatments. PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Fig 4.
Evidence network diagram for primary outcome of acceptability among individual therapies.
Solid lines represent direct comparisons within randomised trials. Nodes in blue represent controls. Nodes in green represent psychological interventions. Nodes in grey represent pharmacological interventions. Nodes in purple represent complementary and alternative medicine interventions. Nodes in red represent combined interventions. Size of node is proportional to number of randomised trials, and thickness of line connecting nodes is proportional to number of randomised trials directly comparing the two treatments. AMPH = amphetamine. ARIP = aripiprazole. ATX = atomoxetine. CLON = clonidine. GUAN = guanfacine. MODAF = modafinil. CARBA = carbamazepine. BUP = bupropion. DESIP = desipramine. REBOX = reboxetine. VENLAF = venlafaxine. RISP = risperidone. THIO = thioridazine. L-CARN = L-carnitine. HYP = hypericum. HOMEO = homeopathy. C, P, T training = child, parent and/or teacher training. P training = parent training. C training = child training. T training = teacher training. WM training = working memory training.
Fig 5.
Network meta-analyses for efficacy and acceptability of classes of pharmacological and psychological interventions.
Data in blue represents efficacy (treatment response). Data in red represents acceptability (all-cause discontinuation). Results are the ORs in the column-defining treatment compared with the ORs in the row-defining treatment. For efficacy (acceptability), ORs higher than 1 favour the row-defining treatment. For acceptability, ORs lower than 1 favour the row-defining treatment. Significant results are in bold and underscored. PBO = placebo. CONT = control. WL = waiting list. BEHAV = behavioural therapy. COGN = cognitive training. NF = neurofeedback. STI = stimulants. N-STI = non-stimulants. AD = antidepressants. A-PSY = antipsychotics. O-DRU = other unlicensed drugs. STI+BEHAV = stimulants+behavioural therapy. N-STI+BEHAV = non-stimulants+behavioural therapy. STI+N-STI = stimulants+non-stimulants. OR = Odds ratio. CI = credibility interval.
Table 1.
Network meta-analysis for efficacy.
Summary of treatment effects compared with placebo.
Table 2.
Network meta-analysis for acceptability.
Summary of treatment effects compared with placebo.
Table 3.
Network meta-analysis for efficacy and safety of commonly prescribed medications compared with methylphenidate.
Fig 6.
Network meta-analyses for efficacy and acceptability of commonly prescribed medications for ADHD.
Data in blue represents efficacy (treatment response). Data in red represents acceptability (all-cause discontinuation). Results are the ORs in the column-defining treatment compared with the ORs in the row-defining treatment. For efficacy (acceptability), ORs higher than 1 favour the row-defining treatment. For acceptability, ORs lower than 1 favour the row-defining treatment. Significant results are in bold and underscored. PBO = placebo. MPH = methylphenidate. AMPH = amphetamine. ATX = atomoxetine. CLON = clonidine. GUAN = guanfacine. MODAF = modafinil. BUP = bupropion. OR = Odds ratio. CI = credibility interval.