Fig 1.
(A) Individual client fish (Indo-Pacific Naso elegans) is introduced to a novel object (a white ball), (B) Individual client fish is introduced to an allopatric cleaner species (the Caribbean cleaning goby Elacatinus evelynae), (C) Individual client fish is introduced to a sympatric cleaner species (the Indo-Pacific cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus) and (D) Individual client fish is introduced to a conspecific. Images of fish are not in real scale, particularly those of the cleaner fish L. dimidiatus and E. evelynae when compared with client N. elegans size.
Table 1.
Frequency of observed behavioural measures for each experimental treatment.
These include: a) the frequency of cleaning interactions, b) mean inspection duration, c) proportion of interactions in which tactile stimulation was applied to clients, d) frequency of jolts per 100 s of inspection, e) frequency of chases, f) duration of chases and g) frequency of bites given by focal individual. Mean ± Standard Error (SEM) are provided for each behavioural measure.
Fig 2.
Whole brain nonapeptide’ levels in clients (Naso elegans).
(A) levels of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and (B) levels of isotocin (IT) in four treatment groups: a) sympatric cleaner (Labroides dimidiatus), b) allopatric cleaner (Elacatinus evelynae), c) conspecific (N. elegans) and d) ball, expressed as AVT (pmol/mg) and IT (pmol/mg). Medians (full lines) and interquartile range are presented in boxes.
Fig 3.
Levels of arginine vasotocin (AVT) in different brain macro-areas: Forebrain, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum and brain stem in clients (Naso elegans).
Four treatment groups: a) sympatric cleaner (Labroides dimidiatus), b) allopatric cleaner (Elacatinus evelynae), c) conspecific (N. elegans) and d) ball, expressed as AVT (pmol/mg). Medians (full lines) and interquartile range are presented in boxes.
Fig 4.
Levels of isotocin (IT) in different brain macro-areas: Forebrain, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum and brain stem in clients (Naso elegans).
Four treatment groups: a) sympatric cleaner (Labroides dimidiatus), b) allopatric cleaner (Elacatinus evelynae), c) conspecific (N. elegans) and d) ball, expressed as IT (pmol/mg). Medians (full lines) and interquartile range are presented in boxes.