Fig 1.
Morphological, ITS and phylogeny analysis of T. asperellum GDFS1009.
(A) Photograph of colonial morphology on PDA medium; (B) ITS amplification; M, Marker DL2000 (Takara, Japan); 1, Band of ITS; (C) Phylogenetic tree based on nrDNA ITS sequence of T. asperellum GDFS1009 (bold) and its closely related species and outgroup retrieved from the literature.
Fig 2.
Control efficacy of T. asperellum GDFS1009 on F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Owen on cucumber.
(A) Dual-culture assay, a1, Synergistic effect, a2, CK; (B) Resistant-dish assay, b1, Synergistic effect, b2, CK; (C) Micro well dilution assay; (D) Assay in green house, d1, Synergistic effect, d2, CK.
Fig 3.
Protease analysis related to mycoparasitism in T. asperellum GDFS1009.
(A) Heatmap of CWDEs expression based on RNA-seq; (B) Proteolytic circle assay; (C) Protease activity.
Fig 4.
Induced resistance gene analysis of T. asperellum GDFS1009.
(A) Heatmap of induced resistance gene expression based on RNA-seq; (B) Xylanase acvitity; (C) Photographs of tissue necrosis and DAB staining in tobacco leaves after inoculation for 24 h, c1 and c3, Tobacco leaf injected with xylanase preparation of T. asperellum GDFS1009, c2 and c4, Tobacco leaf injected with supernatant of blank broth (control); (D) Photographs of tissue necrosis and DAB staining in cucumber leaves after inoculation for 24 h, d1 and d3, Cucumber leaf injected with xylanase preparation of T. asperellum GDFS1009, d2 and d4, Cucumber leaf injected with supernatant of blank broth (control).
Table 1.
Bio-control related primary metabolites in T. asperellum GDFS1009 based on GC-MS analysis.
Fig 5.
Antibiosis secondary metabolites in T. asperellum GDFS1009 based on GC-MS analysis.
(A) Secondary metabolites in spore of T. asperellum GDFS1009; (B) Secondary metabolites in fermentation liquor of T. asperellum GDFS1009; (C) Some structures of polyketides, alkanes and acids related to pathogen resistance and induced resistance.
Table 2.
Gene cluster analysis of polyketide and nonribosomal peptides synthesis in T. asperellum GDFS1009.
Table 3.
Peptaibols antimicrobial peptides in T. asperellum GDFS1009 based on UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis.