Fig 1.
Summary of studies reporting thermal limits for the larvae of freshwater, brackish and marine fish species.
Shaded and filled bars are studies using the static (Sta.) and dynamic (Dyn.) method, respectively. See text for further details on both methods.
Table 1.
Compilation of published studies on thermal limits of marine and freshwater larvae.
Table 2.
Details of the Critical Thermal maxima (CTmax) trials conducted with Atlantic herring and European seabass larvae.
Note “age” refers to the days-post hatch at the start of the CTmax trial, and “size” is the mean larval size of all the larvae used in each CTmax trial.
Fig 2.
Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) estimates of Atlantic herring yolk sac larvae (a-b) and exogenously feeding larvae (c-d), and European seabass exogenously feeding larvae (e-f) at different warming rates. Left-hand panels show CTmax of individual larvae. Right-hand panels show the mean treatment values (± 95% CI) from Generalized Linear Model (see S1 Table), except for yolk sac larvae (panel b) in which mean (±95% CI) CTmax values are shown (as no model was fitted to this dataset).
Fig 3.
Time dependency of upper thermal limits in Atlantic herring larvae.
Values for upper thermal limit (UTL, °C) including both LT50max and CTmax estimates (see text) versus exposure time (t, h) beyond temperatures favorable for growth (>18°C). The LTmax and CTmax estimates for yolk-sac (YS), and feeding larvae (F) at two temperatures (7 and 13°C) are also shown. For the LT50max data of YS larvae, the best fit regression equation (solid line) is UTL = 26.55(± 0.16 SE)—1.31(±0.08 SE) * Ln(t), (p<0.001), 95% CI of the curve are included as a dotted line.
Fig 4.
Upper and lower thermal limits of marine fish larvae.
a) Average upper (red) and lower thermal limits (blue) of marine fish larvae at different acclimation temperatures. b) Detail of the upper (LT50max, CTmax), and c) lower limits (LT50min, CTmin), color-coded by species and shape-coded by method (static, circles; dynamic, triangles). Lines connect estimates from the same study. Study details are provided in Table 1.