Fig 1.
Map of study region classified by aridity index.
AR: arid sub-region, SAR: semi-arid sub-region, DSH: dry and semi-humid sub-region, HU: humid sub-region.
Fig 2.
The schematic diagram of the revised BEPS.
The blue boxes represent the model modifications and the orange boxes represent the major outputs analyzed in this study.
Table 1.
List of site information for model validation.
Fig 3.
Regional meteorological conditions and variations from 1999 to 2008 in Temperate Eurasian Steppe.
(a) Spatial distribution of mean annual precipitation (MAP); (b) Spatial distribution of mean annual temperature (MAT); (c) temporal variations of MAP and MAT from 1999 to 2008 in different AI sub-regions: AR (red lines), SAR (blue lines), DSH (magenta lines) and HU (green lines).
Fig 4.
Comparisons between simulated NPP and measured NPP from independent field study in Kazakh Steppe (KS), Inner Mongolia (IM) and Xingjiang (XJ): (a) the result of the original model (OR); (b) the result with revised model (RE).
Fig 5.
Validation of modeled LE (LEMOD) using the daily eddy covariance data (LEEC) at 4 sites (RU_HA1, RU_HA2, RU_HA3, CN_TY).
Fig 6.
Regional spatial distributions of (a) mean annual value, (b) annual change value and (c) temporal significance of NPP, ET and WUE in Temperate Eurasian Steppe from 1999 to 2008.
Fig 7.
Temporal trends of NPP, ET and WUE from 1999 to 2008 in the Temperate Eurasian Steppe under different AI classification: (a) trend of the regional annual mean; (b) area percentage with an increase or decrease trend.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of correlationships between (a1) NPP and MAP, (a2) NPP and MAT, (b1) ET and MAP, (b2) ET and MAT, (c1) WUE and MAP and (c2) WUE and MAT in the Temperate Eurasian Steppe under different AI classification.
Fig 9.
Area percentage of the correlationship between (a1) NPP and MAT, (a2) NPP and MAP, (b1) ET and MAT, (b2) ET and MAP, (c1) WUE and MAT and (c2) WUE and MAP in the Temperate Eurasian Steppe under different AI classification.
Table 2.
Result comparison between recent studies and modeled results of this paper for net primary productivity (NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET).
NPP unit is gC m-2 yr-1 and ET unit is mm.