Fig 1.
Flow diagram of study selection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included trials.
Fig 2.
Outcome of risk of bias assessment by type of bias (Note: PEO = psycho-educational outcomes).
Fig 3.
Random effects meta-analysis of change scores in HbA1c (%) in psycho-educational intervention group compared with control group.
Intervention effects calculated as Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval. A negative effect indicates improved glycaemic control attributable to intervention.
Fig 4.
Intervention effects on psychosocial outcomes calculated as Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) of change scores with 95% confidence interval.
A positive effect in quality of life, self-efficacy, and family functioning and a negative effect is psychological distress favour intervention. The diamonds show the pooled SMD based on random effects model. Notes: SED = Self-efficacy for diabetes; PedsQoL-D = Paediatric quality of life inventory: diabetes module; DQoLY = Diabetes Quality of life measure for youths (reverse scaling); PedsQoL-G = Paediatric quality of life inventory: generic scale; PAID = Problem Areas in Diabetes scale; SDQ = Strengths and difficulties Questionnaire- impact score; ECBI = Eyberg child behavior inventory; PIP = Paediatric Inventory for parents; WBQ = Well-being questionnaire (reverse scaling); DFRQ = Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (dyadic score in Christie (2014) and parental report in Murphy (2012)); DFCS = Diabetes family conflict scale; DFBS = Diabetes Family Behavior scale.