Fig 1.
(a) Schematic representation of a lumped-mass quarter vehicle model and (b) its free-body diagram.
Fig 2.
(a) Step road profile and (b) ramp road profile used in this study.
Fig 3.
Front and rear profiles for (a) suspension stiffness and (b) suspension damping.
Table 1.
Test cases and the corresponding states of modeling details.
Table 2.
Parameters relevant to quarter vehicle model.
Table 3.
Results from all test cases for front quarter vehicle model.
Table 4.
Results from all test cases for rear quarter vehicle model.
Fig 4.
Evaluation on modeling detail addition based on (a) front quarter vehicle model sprung mass response, (b) the corresponding unsprung mass response, (c) rear quarter vehicle model sprung mass response and (d) the corresponding unsprung mass response.
Table 5.
Comparison among relevant cases considering individual modeling details.
Table 6.
Comparison among selected cases considering combined modeling details.
Fig 5.
Evaluation on modeling detail reduction based on (a) front quarter vehicle model sprung mass response, (b) the corresponding unsprung mass response, (c) rear quarter vehicle model sprung mass response and (d) the corresponding unsprung mass response.
Table 7.
Comparison among relevant cases for evaluation on accuracy contribution.
Fig 6.
Various representations of (a) front damping profile and (b) rear damping profile used in this study.
Fig 7.
Comparison among incremental damping details based on (a) front quarter vehicle model sprung mass response, (b) the corresponding unsprung mass response, (c) rear quarter vehicle model sprung mass response and (d) the corresponding unsprung mass response.
Table 8.
Relative differences among cases with incremental damping details.
Fig 8.
(a) Smooth ramp road profile and (b) non-linear tire stiffness profile used in further evaluation.
Table 9.
Comparison among selected cases involving further modeling detail refinements.
Fig 9.
Selected RMS parameter comparison between fully-featured models and the base model, concerning (a) front quarter vehicle model and (b) rear quarter vehicle model used in this study.