Fig 1.
Phylogenetic relationships inferred from a Maximum Likelihood analysis of Cordyceps species which parasitize spiders.
Combined data set of SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 nuclear loci. Sequences from Verticillium dahlie and Glomerella cingulata were used as outgroups. Numbers above branches indicate Bootstrap support (BS) and below posterior probability support in Bayesian analyses (PP). Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae are collapsed to emphasize of Cordycipitaceae.
Fig 2.
A) Stromata emerging from a nest of trapdoor spider from the family Idiopidae ANDES-F 1080 B) Inside of the nest with the red stromata on the lid HUA 186125. C) Cross-section of perithecia turned purple with KOH. D) Asci and ascospores stained with fucsin acid dye. E-G) Conidial state of C. nidus E) Long and slender phialides with a conidial head produces on prostate narrow hypha. F) Conidia in a row showing different shapes and sizes. G) Synnemata isolated in PDA turned purple on the tip due to the reaction with KOH 3%. H) Synnemata Isolated on brown rice showed strong red pigments after 30 days. Scale bars: C = 100 μm 10 ×, D-F = 10 μm 100 ×.
Fig 3.
A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). B) Cross section of perithecia stained with Fucsin lactic acid showing the broad ostioles HUA 186166. C) Asci stained with cotton blue dye showing the curved filiform ascospores Scale bars: A = 5 cm, B = 10 μm 40 ×, C = 10 μm 100 ×.
Table 1.
Effect of culture medium on mycelial growth of C. nidus after four weeks.
Fig 4.
PCA analysis for the culture medium across different solvent fractions.
A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extractions.
Table 2.
Nucleosides and derivatives obtained from C. nidus grown on the different culture media.
The entries in the table are the means and standard deviations of the mass intensities.
Fig 5.
Nucleoside composition of from C. nidus grown on different culture media.
A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extracts.
Fig 6.
Mass intensities of nucleosides.
A) cordycepin, B) adenosine, C) inosine, D) guanosine, and E) uridine extracted from mycelium of C. nidus grown on different culture media. Methanol (black) and water (white) extracts. Statistical significance for alpha = 0.05: a. 9.26 10−9, b. 1.32 10−7, c. 5.83 10−11, d. 4.11 10−11, e. 3.72 10−3, f. 2.85 10−3, g. 1.64 10−14, h. 2.39 10−12, i. 1.44 10−14.
Table 3.
Bioactive constitutive metabolites extracted from C. nidus with methanol.
The entries in the table are the means and standard deviations of the mass intensities.
Table 4.
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of methanol fractions against gram-positive bacteria.
Fig 7.
Total phenolic content (TPC) from C. nidus on different culture media.
Error bars correspond to the standard deviation obtained from eight independent replicates.