Table 1.
Context of use.
Fig 1.
a) Schematic of the FDA nozzle model b) Cross-sectional cuts identify validation locations along the nozzle axis c) An image of the three grids (inside the red oval region) used for the grid convergence study (snapshot taken at the sudden expansion location).
Table 2.
Values of the input parameters used for the input parameter uncertainty analysis.
Table 3.
Details of the grids used for the grid convergence study.
Fig 2.
Qualitative explanation of the threshold approach for two different scenarios Black—Threshold; Green—CFD simulation and Blue—Experiment.
[] represent mean±uncertainty. a) Model is valid and b) Model not necessarily valid. In scenario (a), both the experiments and simulations are far away from the threshold and CIE smaller than CIΩ. In scenario (b), the simulations are closer to the threshold than to the experiments and CIE is larger than CIΩ.
Fig 3.
Velocity vs axial and radial distances with uncertainty bars for both CFD and PIV for Re = 3500.
Fig 4.
Velocity vs axial and radial distances with uncertainty bars for both CFD and PIV for Re = 6500.
Fig 5.
Shear stress vs radial distance with uncertainty bars for both CFD and PIV.
Fig 6.
p-value vs radial distance at three axial locations i) entrance, z = 0.088m, ii) throat, z = -0.02 m, and iii) throat, z = -0.008 m.
For reference, a straight line depicting p = 0.05 is shown in the figure. The p-values where obtained after performing a student’s t-test comparing the CFD and PIV shear stress datasets.
Fig 7.
Confidence interval for |threshold-S| represented as CIΩ and Error, E expressed as CIE for a) entrance b) and c) throat for Re = 3500.
Two lines for each CI represent the upper and lower bound values.
Fig 8.
Confidence interval for |threshold-S| represented as CIΩ and Error, E expressed as CIE for a) entrance b) and c) throat for Re = 6500.
Two lines for each CI represent the upper and lower bound values.
Fig 9.
p-value vs radial distance at three axial locations i) z = 0.088m, ii) z = -0.02 m, and iii) z = -0.008 m for a) Re = 3500 and b) Re = 6500.
For reference, a straight line depicting p = 0.05 is shown in the figure. The p-values where obtained after performing a Student’s t-test for Ω = |threshold—S| and E = |S-D|.
Fig 10.
Sensitivity of center-line velocity (a) and Comparison error, E (b) to the choice of the turbulence model.
Fig 11.
a) Centerline velocity vs axial distance at Re = 2000, b) Confidence interval for |threshold-S| represented as CIΩ and Error, E expressed as CIE at the throat for Re = 2000.
Two lines for each CI represent the upper and lower bound values.