Fig 1.
Temporal and geographical distribution of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in La Rioja, Northern Spain (2015–2016).
Panel A: Map of Spain indicating the exact location of the Autonomous region of La Rioja. Panel B: Distribution of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium cases according to the primary health care centre of origin and the assemblage/genotype of the parasite species considered. A genotype identification key is provided in the upper right corner of the panel. Panel C: Temporal distribution of G. duodenalis, C. hominis and C. parvum infections through the period of study. An identification key for species and sub-genotypes is provided at the bottom of the panel. Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository.
Fig 2.
CONSORT flow diagram showing the flow of information, clinical samples, and diagnostic procedures followed in the present study.
Table 1.
Socio-demographic variables of infected individuals with human giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis attended at the San Pedro Hospital.
Logroño (La Rioja), 2015–2016.
Table 2.
Clinical variables of infected individuals with giardiosis or cryptosporidiosis attended at the San Pedro Hospital, Logroño (La Rioja), 2015–2016.
Table 3.
Concordance of the results obtained by direct microscopy (DM) and rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (RLFIA) for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in the present study.
Numbers and percentages of samples confirmed by PCR-based methods are also indicated.
Table 4.
Diversity, frequency, and molecular features of Giardia duodenalis in clinical human isolates, San Pedro Hospital, Logroño (La Rioja), 2015–2016.
Fig 3.
Evolutionary relationships among G. duodenalis sub-assemblages at the GDH locus inferred by a Neighbor-Joining analysis of the nucleotide sequence covering a 383-bp region (positions 88 to 470 of GenBank accession number L40508) of the gene.
The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 iterations) is indicated next to the branches. Bootstrap values lower than 50% were not displayed. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method. The rate variation among sites was modelled with a gamma distribution (shape parameter = 2). Filled circles represent AII, BIII, and BIV sequences generated in this study. Open circles indicate G. duodenalis sequences of human origin previously reported in other Spanish regions that were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. Spironucleus vortens was used as outgroup taxa.
Table 5.
Diversity, frequency, and main molecular features of Cryptosporidium isolates at the GP60 and SSU rRNA loci in clinical samples, San Pedro Hospital, Logroño (La Rioja), 2015–2016.
Fig 4.
Evolutionary relationships among C. hominis and C. parvum sub-genotypes at the GP60 locus inferred by a Neighbor-Joining analysis of the nucleotide sequence covering a 810-bp region (positions 47 to 856 of GenBank accession number AY262031) of the gene.
The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 iterations) is indicated next to the branches. Bootstrap values lower than 50% were not displayed. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2-parameter method. The rate variation among sites was modelled with a gamma distribution (shape parameter = 2). Filled circles represent Ib, IIa, and IId sequences generated in this study. Open circles indicate Cryptosporidium sequences of human origin previously reported in other Spanish regions that were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. C. meleagridis was used as outgroup taxa.