Fig 1.
Phenotype of wild type and leaf color mutants of Triticum aestivum L.
(A) Wild type; (B) Leaf color mutants; (C) Type of leaf color mutants: mtg, green leaf; mts, narrow-white striped leaf; mta, albino leaf. (D) Leaf of wild type and mutants. (E) Phenotype of mta and mts white tissue in low temperature; (F) Phenotype of mta and mts white tissue as temperature increased. (All white bar = 2 cm).
Fig 2.
Chloroplast ultrastructures of WT and mta.
(A-C) Chloroplast ultrastructure of WT (A, bar = 10 μm; B, bar = 2 μm; C, bar = 1 μm); (D-I) Chloroplast ultrastructure of mta (D, G bar = 10 μm; E, bar = 2 μm; F, bar = 1 μm; H, bar = 5 μm; I, bar = 1 μm). In these pictures, Chl, denotes chloroplast; N, denotes nucleus; M, denotes mitochondria; S, denotes starch; T, denotes thylakoid grana; G, denotes grana; t, denotes single thylakoid sac.
Table 1.
Chlorophyll and carotenoid content in WT and mta.
Table 2.
Summary of functional annotations and length distributions of unigenes and DEGs between WT and mta.
Fig 3.
Functional categorization of DEGs between WT and mta based on GO annotation.
The proportion of each category is displayed based on (A) cellular component, (B) biological process, or (C) molecular function. (D) The number of DEGs in different cellular component categories, green color represents down-regulated in mta while red color represents up-regulated in mta.
Fig 4.
Histogram of COG classifications.
2,583 DEGs were grouped into 24 COG categories.
Table 3.
The top 20 significantly enriched pathways identified by KEGG analysis.
Table 4.
DEGs and TFs involved in chloroplast development, and chlorophyll biosynthesis in mta transcriptome.
Table 5.
Summary of chloroplast proteins and functional annotations.
Fig 5.
Differentially expressed genes and proteins mapped to photosynthesis pathway.
The known pathways were obtained from KEGG database. Green color denotes lower expression in mta compared with WT, while red color denotes higher expression. Blue color denotes both up- and down-regulated genes in mta compared to WT.
Fig 6.
Differentially expressed genes and proteins mapped to photosynthesis-antenna proteins pathway.
Green color denotes lower expression in mta compared with WT.
Fig 7.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 13 DEP-coding genes.
The relative gene expression levels of selected target genes were normalized to a BestKeeper composed of the endogenous reference gene TaActin. (A) The black and gray bars represent WT and mta, respectively. Low values indicate down-regulation in mta, while high values indicate up-regulation. (B) The different colors represent 12 DEGs, including PsbO (1–3), PsbP (4–8), Lhca1 (9–12). Positive values indicate higher expression in mta and negative values denote higher expression in WT. Error bars represent the standard deviation.
Fig 8.
Possible leaf color formation pathways of albino mutant mta in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).