Table 1.
Donor age (in years) and sex (m = male, f = female) of the thoracic FSUs.
Fig 1.
A typical thoracic spinal motion segment before load application in the spine tester.
Fig 2.
Characteristic hysteresis curves of representative thoracic spinal motion segments of the upper, middle, and lower thoracic spine in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.
Fig 3.
ROM and NZ at ±7.5 Nm pure moment in flexion/extension for all thoracic spinal motion segments (n = 6, except n = 7 for T4-T5 and T7-T8), represented as mean values with standard deviations.
Fig 4.
ROM and NZ at ±7.5 Nm pure moment in lateral bending for all thoracic spinal motion segments (n = 6, except n = 7 for T4-T5 and T7-T8), represented as mean values with standard deviations.
Fig 5.
ROM and NZ at ±7.5 Nm pure moment in axial rotation for all thoracic spinal motion segments (n = 6, except n = 7 for T4-T5 and T7-T8), represented as mean values with standard deviations.
Fig 6.
Comparison of the ROM data evaluated in the present study, represented as mean values with standard deviations of the full ROM in each loading plane, with data extracted from the literature. The data of White and Panjabi [26] are represented as mean values with value ranges.