Table 1.
Pelvic and limb muscles of adults of Leptodactylus latinasus, following the nomenclature of Diogo & Molnar [59] and synonyms commonly used in anuran literature.
Fig 1.
Anatomical elements of the anuran hindlimb considered in this study.
Bones in red, muscles in yellow and fibrous knots in green.fdc, flexor digitorum communis; fdcot knot I+II, flexor digitorum communis origin tendon knots I+II; it B, ischiotrochantericus B; p, puboischiofemoralis; ten it knot, tenuissimus insertion tendon knot.
Table 2.
Nodes comprising the musculoskeletal network.
Typology and modular classification are reported. The adjacency list column includes the IDs' neighbors of the target vertex.
Fig 2.
Illustrative example highlighting the concept of connective knot.
Anatomical (A and B) representation of the fleshy elements in the hindlimb of a frog. Drawings are modified from the classic work of Gaupp [60]. The Achilles tendon originates from the flexor digitorum communis (fdc) and then spreads out along the underside of the foot to form the aponeurosis plantaris, which in turn sends tendinous strands into each of the several digits. For this particular case, musculoskeletal connections between fdc and digits can be modeled through two alternatives, one more naïve (C) and one more realistic (D) network representation. In the naïve case, several edges are incident on the same muscular node suggesting that several tendons originate from such muscle. In the realistic case, just a single edge is incident on the muscular node, better reflecting the existence of the single Achilles tendon originated from the muscle under consideration. The inclusion of a fibrous knot enables us to better tackle the subtleties in the musculoskeletal connections. B bones; T tendons; M muscles and FK fibrous knots.
Fig 3.
Musculoskeletal network associated with the frog hindlimb.
Nodes are colored by common membership to modules. ID numbers are shown in Table 2. The schematic representation of the involved anatomical elements is provided below.
Fig 4.
Elements of the anatomical network, ordered by their decreasing betweenness scores.
Table 3.
Composition of the modules detected through the network analysis.