Fig 1.
Sampling overview and simplified introduction history.
Crassostrea gigas aquaculture introduction pathways in Europe (A[23], B[17], C[3], D[24], E[9] & F[7]) and the genetic differenciation boundary between a documented southern and northern genetic group delineated by a dotted line (B[17], G[15] & H[1]). The six C. gigas collection sites used in this study are indicated by the oyster symbole (See Table 1 for details). For Norway, valid and withdrawn aquaculture licenses for Ostrea edulis (http://www.fiskeridir.no/register/akvareg/?m=utl_lok&s=1; 20. May 2014) and C. gigas (Directorate of Fisheries) are indicated by open circles and stars, respectively. The map is produced using ESRIs GIS software ArcMap v 10.4.1 (www.esri.com), and the country dataset GISCO NUTS 2010.
Table 1.
Sample information.
Table 2.
Genotyping of 262 Crassostrea gigas individuals using six microsatellite loci in two multiplex PCR.
Table 3.
Summary statistics of the six genotyped microsatellites loci in the six analysed sampling locations.
Table 4.
Pairwise comparisons of FST (below diagonal) among the six sampled Pacific oyster locations with tested statistical significance between pairs (above diagonal).
Fig 2.
Similarities and differences among Norwegian (NB, NO, NI, NG), Swedish (SS) and Danish (DA) Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) populations visualized by Chords distance [57] in a Principal Coordinate analysis (a and c) and Neighbour Joining tree plot (b and d). Based on all sampled locations (a and b), and for all locations except location NB (c and d), to explore and visualize the genetic distances without location NB that act as an outlier in the data set. Overview of the sampled oyster locations and abbreviations are given in Table 1.
Fig 3.
Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC).
Scatter plot with (a) and without (b) location NB in the analysis. Sampling locations are internally connected with lines to the center of each ellipses. The Danish and Swedish samples are indicated by blue colors (DA, dark blue and SS, light blue), the Norwegian outlier location (NB, green) is differentiated from the remaining Norwegian samples (NI, NO, and NG) represented by red color.
Table 5.
Overview of simulated number and fraction of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae landed in total and within Norwegian coastal waters provided ocean climate in six different years.
Fig 4.
Simulation of larval dispersal.
The spatial distribution of the 369 landed Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae in Swedish and Norwegian coastal waters in total for the simulated years (1990, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2010), summed per coastal grid cell (50x50 km). Number of landed larvae (super-individuals) per grid cell is shown (see legend). The location and names of the sampled DNA stations in this study are indicated (black circles, cf. Table 1). For simulation details see [50]. Reprinted from Rinde et al. 2016 under a CC BY license, with permission from NIVA, original copyright 2016. The map is produced using ESRIs GIS software ArcMap v 10.4.1 (www.esri.com), and the country dataset GISCO NUTS 2010.