Table 1.
Demographic characteristics.
Fig 1.
Observed child engagement scores.
Histogram and density curve for observed child engagement scores, including mean (dashed line) and standard deviation (sd). Total score for each child was the mean of 3 reviewer scores.
Table 2.
Observed child engagement scores and behaviors.
Fig 2.
Group mean activation map for the story listening task.
Group mean BOLD fMRI activation map for our story listening task (stories>tones) in 4 year-old girls (n = 22). All voxels significant at p<0.05 (FDR corrected), slice thickness 5 mm for contiguous slices. Slices range from z = -28 to z = 74 in MNI coordinate space. Color scale ranges from t = 1.25 (cooler) to 4 (hotter). Radiological orientation, left = right, right = left.
Fig 3.
Regression map for the story listening task (stories>tones activation) with child engagement score applied as explanatory variable.
Regression map for the story listening task (stories>tones; n = 22), with child engagement score as the explanatory variable. Total cluster size 1164 voxels (p<0.05, FDR corrected), with center of gravity at (x = 21, y = -67, z = -25; R posterior cerebellum) in MNI coordinate space and z-score local maxima 3.22–3.93. Shown as 5 mm slices from z = -64 to z = -12 in MNI coordinate space. Color scale from t = 1.25 (cooler) to 4 (hotter). Radiological orientation, left = right, right = left.
Fig 4.
Tri-planar view of neural activation (stories>tones) for the story listening task with child engagement score as explanatory variable.
Orthogonal tri-planar view (origin x = 6, y = -78, z = -26, MNI coordinate space; right Crus II/Vermis VI) of cerebellar activation for the story listening task (stories>tones; n = 22), with child engagement score as explanatory variable. Total cluster size 1164 voxels (p<0.05, FDR corrected). Color scale t = 1.25 (cooler) to 4 (hotter). Radiological orientation, left = right, right = left, sagittal plane viewed from the right.
Fig 5.
Functional connectivity map showing brain areas functionally connected with the seed activation cluster correlated with child engagement scores.
Seed-to-voxel map of brain areas functionally connected with the seed activation cluster (right Crus I/II) correlated with observed child engagement scores during the story listening task (stories>tones; n = 12). Clusters at MNI coordinates: A) (x = 26, y = -78, z = -36; bilateral crus I/II and right cerebellar lobules VI and VII/VIII), B) (x = -42, y = 42, z = 22; left BA 6, 8, 9), C) (x = 38, y = 30, z = 42; right BA 8), and D) (x = -36, y = -66, z = 26; left BA 39). Color scale t = 3 (cooler) to 15 (hotter). Radiological orientation, left = right, right = left.