Table 1.
Aphelinidae, Aphidiinae and hyperparasitoid species considered in this study.
For each species the number of COI, 16S and 18S sequences generated from adult parasitoids is provided. Non-cereal aphid parasitoids are marked with *; parasitoid species which attack cereal aphids on their winter host plant are marked with **.
Table 2.
Aphelinidae, Aphidiinae and hyperparasitoid species considered in this study.
For each species the number of COI, 16S and 18S sequences generated from adult parasitoids and retrieved from GenBank is provided. Non-cereal aphid parasitoids are marked with *; parasitoid species which attack cereal aphids on their winter plant host are marked with **.
Table 3.
Parasitoid species-groups that have identical sequences in COI, 16S and 18S within Aphidiinae and non-Aphidiinae (Aphelinus/hyperparasitoids) parasitoids.
Non-cereal aphid parasitoids are marked with *; parasitoid species which attack cereal aphids on their winter plant host are marked with **.
Fig 1.
Comparison of maximum within species distance (Max-WSD; X-axis) and minimum between species distance (Min-BSD, Y-axis) of non-Aphidiinae (aphelinid/hyperparasitoid) and Aphidiinae parasitoids for COI, 16S and 18S gene sequences.
The percentages of species-pairs which have a Min-BSD smaller than the Max-WSD (“No barcoding gap”) and a Min-BSD smaller than the overall Max-WSD (“Min-BSD ≤ overall Max-WSD”) are shown. Points above the diagonal represent cases where the species pairs have barcoding gap.
Fig 2.
Neighbour joining tree of the non-Aphidiinae parasitoids based on sequences of the 5’-region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI).
Bootstrap values (≥ 70%) are indicated on branches. Species abbreviations: Alloxysta brachyptera (ALbra), Alloxysta brevis (ALbre), Alloxysta fulviceps (ALful), Alloxysta pedestris (ALped), Alloxysta victrix (ALvic), Alloxysta sp.A (ALspA), Alloxysta sp.B (ALspB), Alloxysta sp.C (ALspC), Aphelinus abdominalis (AEabd), Aphelinus asychis (AEasy), Aphelinus chaonia (AEcha), Aphelinus mali (AEmal), Aphelinus varipes (AEvar), Asaphes vulgaris (ASvul), Asaphes suspensus (ASsus), Coruna clavata (COcla), Dendrocerus carpenteri (DEcar), Dendrocerus laticeps (DElat), Pachyneuron aphidis (PAaph), Pachyneuron formosum (PAfor), Pachyneuron muscarum (PAmus), Pachyneuron solitarium (PAsol), Phaenoglyphis villosa (PHvil) and Syrphophagus aphidivorus (SYaph). Last letter in the specimen code indicates whether sequencing was done in both directions (“B”) or just one direction (“S”—sense strand, “A” antisense stand).
Fig 3.
Neighbour joining tree of the non-Aphidiinae parasitoids based on sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
Bootstrap values (≥ 70%) are indicated on branches. Species abbreviations see Fig 2.
Fig 4.
Neighbour joining tree of parasitoid species within the Aphidiinae based on sequences of the 5’-region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI).
Bootstrap values (≥ 70%) are indicated on branches. Identical sequences and subtrees with all bootstrap values less than 70% within one species were clustered. Numbers in parentheses refer to the number of sequences include in each cluster. Species abbreviations: Adialytus ambiguus (ADamb), Aphidius avenae (APave), Aphidius colemani (APcol), Aphidius ervi (APerv), Aphidius matricariae (APmat), Aphidius microlophii (APmic), Aphidius rhopalosiphi (APrho), Aphidius uzbekistanicus (APuzb), Binodoxys angelicae (BIang), Diaeretiella rapae (DIrap), Ephedrus persicae (EPper) Ephedrus plagiator (EPpla), Lipolexis gracilis (LIgra), Lysiphlebus fabarum (LYfab), Lysiphlebus testaceipes (LYtes), Monoctonus crepidis (MOcre), Praon abjectum (PRabj), Praon gallicum (PRgal), Praon necans (PRnec), Praon volucre (PRvol), Toxares deltiger (TOdel), Trioxys auctus (TRaus) and Trioxys sp. A (TRspA). Last letter in the specimen code indicates whether sequencing was done in both directions (“B”) or just one direction (“S”—sense strand, “A”—antisense stand).
Fig 5.
Neighbour joining tree of parasitoid species within the Aphidiinae based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences.
Bootstrap values (≥ 70%) are indicated on branches. Species abbreviations see Fig 4.