Table 1.
Pesticide name, manufacturer, percentage of active ingredient, spray concentration of formulation, and mode of action.
Fig 1.
Acute toxicity of Advise (imidacloprid) and seven binary pesticide mixtures to honey bees.
All concentrations used are listed in Table 1 as LC20 determined in a previous study [30]. Advi, Brac, Kara, Vyda, Doma, Roun, Tran, and Bela were used as abbreviations for the same order of eight pesticides listed in Table 1. Same letters above the error bars indicate no significant difference: lower case letters are for within-group comparisons; capital letters refer to comparisons among all treatments. The corrected mortality from Advise only was reused in each group for within-group comparison and statistics.
Fig 2.
Impact of Advise and mixtures with seven representative pesticides on three insecticide-interacting enzymes, esterase (A), glutathione S-transferase (B), and acetylcholinesterase (C), activities in honey bee survivors after spray treatments.
All concentrations used are listed in Table 1 as LC20 determined in a previous study [30]. Advi, Brac, Kara, Vyda, Doma, Roun, Tran, and Bela were used as abbreviations for the same order of eight pesticides listed in Table 1. Same letters above the error bars indicate no significant difference: lower case letters are for within-group comparisons; capital letters refer to comparisons among all treatments. The enzyme activity from Advise only was reused in each group for within-group comparison and statistics.
Fig 3.
Impact of Advise and binary mixtures with seven representative pesticides on two non-pesticide-interacting enzyme, invertase (A) and phenoloxidase (B), activities in honey bee survivors after spray treatments.
All concentrations used are listed in Table 1 as LC20 determined in a previous study [30]. Advi, Brac, Kara, Vyda, Doma, Roun, Tran, and Bela were used as abbreviations for the same order of eight pesticides listed in Table 1. Same letters above the error bars indicate no significant difference: lower case letters are for within-group comparisons; capital letters refer to comparisons among all treatments. The enzyme activity from Advise only was reused in each group for within-group comparison and statistics.
Fig 4.
Roles of three major detoxification enzymes in detoxifying Advise (imidacloprid) in honey bees.
PBO (piperonyl butoxide) is a cytochrome P450 oxidase inhibitor; TPP (triphenyl phosphate) is an esterase inhibitor; and DEM (diethyl maleate) is a glutathione S-transferase inhibitor. Same letters above the error bars indicate no significant difference: lower case letters are for within-group comparisons; capital letters refer to comparisons among all treatments.