Table 1.
Genetic divergences in different taxonomic level within Calaphdinae.
Fig 1.
Maximum intraspecific distances (%) based on Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) for 100 morphospecies.
Table 2.
19 Cases of having high intraspecific distances.
Fig 2.
Number of MOTUs by the prior intraspecific divergence using ABGD with two values of relative gap width.
(A) X = 1. (B) X = 1.5.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood COI gene tree with deliminated MOTUs by ABGD and PTP analyses.
(Red S) Subdivided morphospecis. (Green C) combined morphologically different species. (Blue D) discordant between ABGD and PTP results.
Table 3.
Case of sharing low genetic distances between morphologically distinct species pairs.
Fig 4.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Calaphis spp. (66 sequences of 5 morphospecies).
Fig 5.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Eucallipterus spp. (23 sequences).
Fig 6.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Mesocallis spp. (45 sequences of 4 morphospecies).
Fig 7.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Monaphis antennata (8 sequences).
Fig 8.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Takecallis spp. (58 sequences of 5 morphospecies).
Fig 9.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Tinocallis spp. (48 sequences of 9 morphospecies).
Fig 10.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Acanthocallis spp. (69 sequences of 2 morphospecies).
Fig 11.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Acanthotuberculatus spp. (26 sequences of 4 morphospecies).
Fig 12.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Orientuberculoides spp. (86 sequences of 7 morphospecies).
Fig 13.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Tuberculoides spp. (19 sequences of 3 morphospecies).
Fig 14.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Myzocallis spp. (26 sequences of 4 morphospecies).
Fig 15.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Neomyzocallis spp. (16 sequences of 2 morphospecies).
Fig 16.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Shivaphis spp. (22 sequences of 5 morphospecies).
Fig 17.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Tiliaphis spp. (20 sequences of 4 morphospecies).
Fig 18.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Tuberculatus querceus (3 sequences).
Fig 19.
Alate vivipara of Pterocallis alnijapoinicae (A, C) and P. nigrostriata (B, D).
(A-B) abdomen. (C-D) forewing (scale bars 0.5mm).
Fig 20.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Pterocallis spp. (27 sequences of 6 morphospecies).
Fig 21.
Alate vivipara of Tiliaphis pseudoshinae (A, C) and T. shinae (B, D).
(A-B) antenna. (C-D) ultimate rostral segment (scale bars 0.1mm).
Fig 22.
Alate vivipara of Tuberculaphis (Orientuberculoides) capitatus (A, C, E, G) and T. (O.) fangi (B, D, F, H).
(A-B) head. (C-D) setae on thorax. (E-F) abdominal dorsal tubercles. (G-H) 4th abdominal marginal tubercle (scale bars, 0.1mm).
Fig 23.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of subgenus Lineomyzocallis spp. (6 sequences).
Fig 24.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of genus Therioaphis spp. (57 sequences of 3 morphospecies).
Fig 25.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Tuberculatus (Arakawana) stigmatus (15 sequences).
Fig 26.
Neighbor-joining tree of COI partial gene sequences of Tuberculatus (Nippocallis) kuricola (38 sequences).