Fig 1.
This illustrates the arena used in the exploration trial during behavioural testing in Diploptera punctata. A piece of A4 paper lined the bottom of the arena to mark the borders of sectors A to L; this was replaced for each new individual tested. Vaseline was applied to the sides of the arena above the paper to prevent cockroaches from climbing up the sides; the depth of the arena was approximately 8cm. The focal individual was introduced to the arena via an opaque tube placed in sector B. Sector K contained an empty plastic dish.
Table 1.
Personality trait measurement.
Table 2.
PCA loadings for personality trait consistency tests.
Table 3.
Tests for differential consistency in behavioural traits.
Fig 2.
Diploptera punctata individuals were significantly bolder as nymphs than as adults in terms of showing A. a shorter latency for their head to emerge from the tube in the exploration test, and B. a shorter latency to both move antennae and initiate locomotion in the startle test as nymphs. Error bars represent standard errors. Significant differences are marked by ** (P < 0.01). 19 individuals were tested across both life stages (7 males, 12 females).
Table 4.
Summary of age effects tests.
Table 5.
Contextual consistency in boldness.
Table 6.
Summary of tests for behavioural syndromes.
Fig 3.
Summary of significant size effects results.
Mixed models showed a significant effect of size on boldness and exploration in Diploptera punctata; larger individuals have higher PC scores (and therefore lower levels) of A. boldness and B. exploration. N = 60 adults.
Table 7.
Effects of size and sex.
Fig 4.
Summary of significant sex effects results.
Mixed models showed a significant effect of sex on sociality in Diploptera punctata; males had lower sociality PC scores than females. N = 60 adults. The boxes are bounded by the upper and lower quartiles and are divided by the median. Maximum and minimum values within 1.5 box lengths of the quartiles are represented by the ends of whiskers and values outside of this range are shown by a cross.