Table 1.
Country of origin and size of the wolf, dog and wolf x dog hybrid samples analyzed in this study.
Fig 1.
Principal coordinate analysis of multilocus microsatellite wolf and dog genotype.
(A) First two components of a PCoA computed in GenAlEx [26] of the 39 multilocus microsatellite wolf and dog genotypes. (B) Multilocus microsatellites wolf and dog genotypes projected on the first function of a discriminant PC analysis (DAPC computed in Adegenet [28]). Identification of wolf samples: WBALT = Baltic countries; WCARP: Carpathians; WBALK = Balkans; WDIN = Dinarics; WIBP = Iberian Peninsula; WITA = Italy.
Fig 2.
Bayesian clustering of dog and wolf samples from different countries genotyped with 39 autosomal microsatellite loci obtained by Structure [29,30] assuming K = 3 and K = 7.
At K = 3 the three clusters are composed by dogs, Italian wolves and by all the other European wolves banded together, while at K = 7 wolves are split into six different geographical population clusters.
Table 2.
Estimated genetic variability in six wolf clusters identified by Bayesian analyses.
Fig 3.
Bayesian mtDNA phylogenetic tree (computed in Beast) [47] with a table indicating the bootstrap support and the estimated TMRCA (and their 95% HDP) of the main internodes.
The four main clades A1, A2, B1 and B2 are indicated. All dog haplotypes that form a monophylum were collapsed (see S3 and S5 Tables for the details on the haplotypes and clade composition).
Fig 4.
Best scenarios as inferred by Diyabc.
Graphical representation of the resulting population sizes and divergence times estimated for the two best simulated scenarios, using a generation time g = 3 years. The width of branches is proportional to the inferred effective population sizes.
Table 3.
Original parameter estimation and statistics (median and quantiles) of the posterior distribution for the scenario with the highest posterior probabilities.
Table 4.
Size of the bottleneck in four wolf populations as estimated by DIYABC under the best two demographic scenarios described in S5 Fig.