Table 1.
Summary of the Potentiation experiments that involved tests of the concentration response of the first listed chemicals in the presence and absence (+/-) of the second chemical and mixture toxicity conducted with different exposure levels and ratio of the two chemicals undertaken for Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis.
Fig 1.
Designs for mixture experiments for cases where only one tested chemical shows a concentration response (A. Potentiation design) and where both chemicals show a concentration response (B. Mixture toxicity design).
Table 2.
LC50 values as concentrations in sucrose solution (μg/L) calculated from probit models fits and ratio of values between exposure in the presence of low and high concentration of the potentiating chemical against exposure in the absence of the second chemical for the survival data at 48h, 96 h and 240 h exposure times for the different potentiation experiments conducted for Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and separately for ♂ and ♀ Osmia bicornis.
Table 3.
Parameter values (EC50, b = logistic slope parameter, a synergistic/antagonistic deviation, BDR dose ratio deviation BDL dose level deviation) for MIXTOX models fits for the two chemicals (Chemical 1 relates to the first listed chemical, Chemical 2 to the second listed chemical) used in binary mixtures survival data at selected time-points for mixture toxicity experiments conducted for A. mellifera, B. terrestris and O. bicornis.
Table 4.
Parameter values (values in brackets are standard deviations) for DEBtox models fit for the potentiation and mixture toxicity experiments conducted in A. mellifera, B. terrestris and O. bicornis.
Fig 2.
LC50 ± 95% confidence intervals and statistical significance of treatments with propiconazole compared to the propiconazole only series (LC50 ratio test * = p<0.05)for Apis mellifera (top 3 panels), Bombus terrestris (middle 3 panels), and the combined data-set of ♂ and ♀ Osmia bicornis (bottom 3 panels) exposed to clothianidin in the presence of no, low or high concentrations of propiconazole at exposure times of 48 h (Panel 1 of 3), 96 h (Panel 2 of 3) and 240 h (Panel 3 of 3).
Table 5.
Summary of the nature of interactions identified in the joint effects of binary combinations of chemicals in potentiation and mixture toxicity experiment conducted with three bee species.
Fig 3.
Predicted mixture hazard based on two parameterised mixture fits for concentration addition (CA) and concentration addition with synergistic/antagonistic (CA S/A) models for survival effects at 96 h for Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis exposed to a range of single chemical and binary mixtures of clothianidin and dimethoate and observed survival effects based mean ± standard deviation.