Fig 1.
Geographic distribution of the seven species of the D. buzzatii cluster and D. venezolana (D. martensis cluster).
The distribution area of D. buzzatii overlaps with all in-group species; therefore, it is not marked on the map. Sources: Cerda & Fontdevila [31], Manfrin & Sene [28], Oliveira et al. [25], and P.P. Iglesias, J. Hurtado, and E. Hasson, unpublished field data. The map was created using SimpleMappr http://www.simplemappr.net/ and edited in CorelDRAW X7.
Fig 2.
An schematic representation of the acoustic conditions employed in the experiments.
An example showing how female mate choice for a hypothetical species “A” was studied across the different acoustic conditions, and using conspecific and heterospecific males and songs in each experiment.
Table 1.
Copulation duration (in s) registered in pairs of Experiment 2 using winged conspecific (Ct+) or heterospecific (Ct-) males and wingless heterospecific males in two different acoustic conditions (NP, CP).
Fig 3.
Representative sonograms of the courtship songs of the five species recorded for playback experiments.
Fig 4.
Interspecific variation in female response under different acoustic conditions in conspecific pairs.
Effect of different acoustic conditions on mate acceptance and mating latency in four species of the D. buzzatii cluster and D. venezolana (D. martensis cluster). Winged males were used in Ct+ and wingless males in NP, CP and HP conditions. Data obtained for the isofemale lines of D. antonietae, D. buzzatii and D. koepferae are pooled in this figure.
Fig 5.
Effect of different acoustic conditions on male acceptance and copulation latency using heterospecific males (PC, NP and Ct-) and conspecific males (Ct+) in Experiment 2.
Winged males were used in both controls (Ct+ and Ct-) and wingless males in NP and CP conditions.
Fig 6.
Sonogram of a D. buzzatii courtship song used in this work illustrating both types of songs and the "doublets of pulses" in the primary song.
(A) Six seconds of a D. buzzatii courtship song recorded for playback experiments. (B) A burst containing primary song alone. (C) A burst containing primary and secondary songs. (D) Expanded view of B illustrating the tendency to alternate pulses with long and short IPIs (doublets of pulses). Black bars indicate the duration of short IPIs, white bars indicate the difference in duration between long and short IPIs and P indicates the pulse duration. This same pattern can be detected in the sonogram of Fig 20C of Oliveira et al. [24] by measuring the IPIs.