Fig 1.
Flow chart showing the datasets utilized and their spatial resolution, the inputs derived, the model integration and the upscaling process.
Fig 2.
Simulated crop yields and comparison with Eurostat values, aggregated at NUTS2 level.
The size of points represents the number of simulations for the following crops within each NUTS2 region. RMSE = root mean square error: MAE = mean absolute error.
Fig 3.
Simulated soil N2O-N emission rates (kg ha-1 yr-1) in LUCAS points.
Fig 4.
Model uncertainty of simulated soil N2O-N emission rates (kg ha-1 yr-1) in LUCAS points.
Fig 5.
Random Forest meta-model evaluation (meta-model vs DayCent N2O rates) in the training (left) and testing dataset (right).
Fig 6.
Map of soil N2O-N emissions based on Random Forest upscaling to a 1 km2 grid with the meta-model MT1.
Administrative borders represent the EU basic regions (NUTS2) for the application of regional policies.
Fig 7.
Percentage of variation in average N2O emissions between DayCent simulations at LUCAS sites and regional meta-model values for MT1 (upper) and MT2 (lower), at NUTS2 level.
The blue line is the 0 value, while the black lines -20 and +20%. Labelled NUTS2 show variation >50% between average meta-model emissions compared to LUCAS points, with all green bars within the black lines meaning that the variation is within ±20%.