Table 1.
Skeletal biomarkers of stress incorporated into frailty indices (SFI) with designated scoring schemata, elements observed, and criteria for frailty.
Outlined standards [52] were used to identify conditions of frailty: femoral head and maximum length [33]; linear enamel hypoplasia [71]; periosteal new bone [72] and osteomyelitis [14]; periodontal disease and osteoarthritis [73]; cribra orbitalia [74]; osteomalacia [75]; neoplastic disorders [14, 76]; osteoporosis and rotator cuff disease [77]; intervertebral disc disease [78]; and trauma [79].
Table 2.
Chronological and demographic data for total monastic and nonmonastic samples from which this study’s smaller samples were derived.
Table 3.
Non-metric multi-biomarker skeletal frailty index (SFI) constructs.
Fig 1.
Distribution of 134 adult males and females from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Fig 2.
Age distribution of 134 adults from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Fig 3.
Distribution by age and sex of 134 adult males and females from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Percentages of subgroups represented by each age category.
Fig 4.
Distribution of 517 adult males and females from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Fig 5.
Age distribution of 517 adults from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Fig 6.
Distribution by age and sex of 517 adult males and females from Medieval London monastic and nonmonastic cemetery contexts.
Percentages of subgroups represented by each age category.
Table 4.
Number of adult males and females from the total sample of 1497 Medieval monastic and nonmonastic individuals, with all 13 biomarkers available (N = 134) [1].
Table 5.
Age distribution of 134 skeletons from Medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries [1].
Table 6.
Distribution of adult males and females according to age categories in original Medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries.
Percentages reflect proportion of monastic or nonmonastic sample.
Table 7.
Number of adult males and females from 1497 skeletons of Medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries with all 11 nonmetric biomarkers available (N = 517).
Table 8.
Age distribution of from 1497 skeletons of Medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries with all 11 nonmetric biomarkers available (N = 517).
Table 9.
Distribution of adult males and females according to age categories in from increased sample of Medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries (N = 517).
Percentages reflect proportion of monastic or nonmonastic sample.
Table 10.
Spearman’s correlations for 2–11 and 13-biomarker skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) (R = correlation coefficient, P = P-value, and N = number of cases).
Table 11.
ANCOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 134).
Table 12.
ANOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between age categories in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 134).
Table 13.
ANCOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between sexes in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 134).
Table 14.
ANCOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between males and between females in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 134).
Table 15.
ANCOVA results for 6-variable and 4-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 517).
Table 16.
ANOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between age categories in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 517).
Table 17.
ANCOVA results for multi-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between sexes in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 517).
Table 18.
ANCOVA results for 6-variable and 4-variable skeletal frailty indices (SFIs) comparing frailty between females and between males in Medieval monastic (Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory) and nonmonastic (Guildhall Yard, St. Mary Graces, Spital Square, and St. Benet Sherehog) samples (N = 517).