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Fig 1.

Study flow diagram.

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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Table 1.

Characteristics of all study patients with and without pre-existing DM at COPD diagnosis (n = 2015).

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Fig 2.

Adjusted Kaplan–Meier curves for survival in all COPD patients with and without pre-existing DM (n = 2015).

aAdjusted for age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease) and concomitant medications (ACEI/ARB, calcium channel blocker, and statin). ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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Fig 2 Expand

Table 2.

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for mortality in all COPD patients (n = 2015).

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Comparison of features between COPD patients with and without incident DM (n = 1568).

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Table 3 Expand

Table 4.

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to identify clinical factors associated with incident DM among COPD patients (n = 1568).

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Fig 3.

Cumulative hazard rate of incident DM in COPD patients according to comorbidity status (n = 1568).

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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Fig 3 Expand

Table 5.

Comparison of features between COPD patients with incident DM and matched controls.

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Table 5 Expand

Fig 4.

Kaplan-Meier curves for survival in COPD patients with incident DM and matched controls.

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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Fig 4 Expand