Fig 1.
SEM image (x370) of the shell of a L. elliptica D-shape larva.
Showing prodissoconch I (PI), the boundary (B) between PI and prodissoconch II (PII) and the narrow band of PII. H and L indicate measurements of shell height and length, respectively, of PI. Scale bar as indicated.
Table 1.
Seawater conditions for all experimental treatments.
Fig 2.
Treatment impacts on larval quality.
(a) Percentage of malformed D-shaped larvae in each treatment and (b) shell quality assessment of normally shaped D-larvae from each treatment, where shell damage is equal to the percentage of the shell surface that is pitted, cracked or malformed. The letters above the columns indicate significance at p < 0.05. The temperature/pH combination of 0.4°C/7.80 was not used, n = 3. Error bars are standard error.
Fig 3.
SEM images of D-larvae from various experimental treatments.
(a) normally developed D-larva from the control treatment (pH 7.98 and -1.6°C, x370), and (b-e) damaged and/or malformed larvae from reduced pH (7.65) treatments at various temperatures (d: -1.6°C, x430, b: -0.5°C, x450, c and e: 0.4°C, x400), (f) extremely malformed (left) and uncalcified (right) larvae from pH 7.65, -1.6°C (x450). PI: prodissoconch I; PII: prodissoconch II. All scale bars are 50 μm.
Table 2.
Summary table of 2-way ANOVA.
Fig 4.
Effects of reduced pH and elevated temperatures on shell sizes.
a) Shell height and b) shell length on prodissoconch I (PI) and c) on growth of prodissoconch II. Letters indicate significance as in Fig 2. The temperature/pH combination of 0.4°C/7.80 was not used. NS = no significant differences between treatments, n = 3. Error bars are standard error.