Fig 1.
Toxic dinoflagellates in the digestive tract of Artemia salina individuals.
Dinoflagellate cells are indicated by arrows (A) Prorocentrum lima, (B) Ostreopsis cf. ovata, and (C) Gambierdiscus excentricus. Scale bars: 200 μm.
Table 1.
Artemia salina clearance and ingestion rates.
Fig 2.
Survival and behavioral responses of Artemia salina exposed to toxic and non-toxic treatments.
Biplot of survival and behavioral data of A. salina exposed to the non-toxic chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. (Tet(C),●) and toxic dinoflagellates: Prorocentrum lima in exponential phase (Pli(E),▲), P. lima in stationary phase (Pli(S),■), Ostreopsis cf. ovata in exponential phase (Oov(E),▲), O. cf. ovata in stationary phase (Oov(S),■), Gambierdiscus excentricus in exponential phase (Gex(E), ▲), and G. excentricus in stationary phase (Gex(S), ■).
Fig 3.
Behavioral changes in Artemia salina during acute exposure to toxic dinoflagellates.
(A-B) Brine shrimps (%) actively swimming during exposure to dinoflagellate cells in exponential (A) and stationary (B) phase. (C-D) Brine shrimps (%) on the water column (in contrast to bottom position) during exposure to dinoflagellate cells in exponential (C) and stationary (D) phase. Different treatments are indicated by symbols: P. lima (•, full line), G. excentricus (○, dashed line), O. cf. ovata (▪, full line), and the chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. (□, full line). The non-harmful chlorophyte used as control was kept and harvested in exponential phase for all the assays. Vertical bars: standard error considering four replicates.
Fig 4.
Survival rate curves of Artemia salina during acute exposure to the toxic benthic dinoflagellates in two growth phases: exponential (•) and stationary (□).
(A) Prorocentrum lima, (B) Ostreopsis cf. ovata, and (C) Gambierdiscus excentricus.
Table 2.
Time (h) when 50% of the Artemia salina died (tD50) during exposure to toxic dinoflagellates in two cell growth phases.