Table 1.
Calibrations, divergence time and reconstructed ancestral areas of internal nodes within the phylogeny of Feliformia.
Fig 1.
Topology of maximum likelihood analysis based on combined data on the mitochondrial genome.
Nodes lacking support boxes exhibited >80% support from bootstrap proportions and >95% from Bayesian posterior probabilities. Asterisks (*) after the tip labels indicate individuals with mitochondrial genome sequence.
Fig 2.
Chronogram and ancestral area reconstructions of Feliformia.
(A) Major changes in global sea levels modified from Haq et al. [56]. Epoch abbreviations are as follows: Paleocene (Pal); Eocene (Eoc); Oligocene (Oli); Miocene (Mio); Pliocene (Pli). (B) Continental elevation map. Contemporary distribution ranges of Feliformia are divided into six clearly defined areas: A, Europe and North Asia; B, South Asia; C, Africa; D, Madagascar; E, North America; F, South America. The circles with numbers represent lowland plains: ① Nile Valley, ② Mesopotamian Plain, and ③ Indo-Gangetic Plain. (C) Chronogram and ancestral area reconstructions of Feliformia. Fourteen time constraints used in the molecular dating are shown as red triangles. Red branch with black arrows indicates dispersal events. Blue horizontal bars represent 95% HPD intervals. At the top right, a color-coded square represents the six main regions corresponding to continental elevation Map (A). Less than 0.95 branch support values are indicated beside the nodes. The red dash lines on black circles represent vicariance events.
Fig 3.
Comparison of divergence-time estimates among the seven Feliformia families across three studies.
The circle within boxes represents the mean of the posterior estimate, and the whiskers mark the upper and lower 95% highest posterior density of the age estimates. The comparison shows that our new time estimates are largely congruent with previous results based on multiple nuclear genes but considerably younger than those estimated by one mitochondrial Cytb gene and two nuclear genes. Nodes in this figure correspond to Table 1.
Fig 4.
An expected lineages-through-time plot was analyzed based on the BEAST MCC tree with median (black solid line) and 95% CI (black dotted lines) numbers of lineages through time shown. The observed lineage-through-time plot (red filled circles) was statistically based on the time tree (Fig 2).
Fig 5.
The effect of three data subsets (Cytb gene, Cytb and ND2 genes, mt-genome) on resolving support rates among the 7 families of Feliformia.
Each data point represents the mean of support values estimated by BI and ML analyses.