Fig 1.
Collaring sites of 10 proboscis monkeys along the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia.
Table 1.
Summary and methods used to calculate the physical characteristics used to compare the home range estimators.
Fig 2.
Principal coordinates plot of the home range estimators for 10 individual proboscis monkeys.
Dotted lines indicate Hellinger distance, showing the differences between the ranges produced by four home range estimators (GCM, green triangle; a-LoCoH, blue; T-LoCoH, orange; and BRB, brown).
Fig 3.
Mean (±SE) area-under-the-curve for the home range estimators (N = 10 individuals).
Grid-cell method (GCM—blue), adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH—red), adaptive time local convex hull (T-LoCoH—green) and biased random bridges (BRB—purple), using the complete data set (C) and the simulated scenarios, with a decreased sampling interval (S1 = fixes every 4 hours), and simulating random failures (S2).
Fig 4.
Summary of averages for overall (90%, blue) and core (50%, green) home range comparison variables (N = 10 individuals).
(1) home range area; (2) boundary complexity (edge density); (3) patchiness and (4) barrier detection for: Grid-cell method (GCM), adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH), adaptive time local convex hull (T-LoCoH). a,b,c Pair-wise results from Tukey test; results significantly different from another (p<0.05) are indicated by a different letter, those with the same letter showed no significant difference. Lower-case letters represent overall home range differences, and upper-case letters represent core-range differences.
Fig 5.
An example of the home range estimates produced for one proboscis monkey.
Home range estimator (1) Grid-cell method (GCM), (2) adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH), (3) adaptive time local convex hull (T-LoCoH), and (4) biased random bridges (BRB); light colours = 50% isopleth, and dark colours = 90% isopleth.
Fig 6.
An example of selected home range estimators under different simulations.
(A) grid-cell method (GCM), (B) adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH), (C) adaptive time local convex hull (T-LoCoH), and (D) biased random bridges (BRB). Simulation 1 simulated low fix rate (every 4 hours) and Simulation 2 simulated fix failures (light = 50% isopleth, and dark = 90% isopleth).
Table 2.
Summary of simulation home range models.
Table 3.
Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the home range estimators examined in this study.