Fig 1.
(Upper) Butterfly plot of the average TMS-evoked activity from all electrodes (average of all 17 participants). Red line indicates Cz electrode. Timing of the peaks is indicated by vertical dashed lines. (Lower) Voltage distributions (top) and Minimum Norm estimates (bottom) of the TMS-evoked activity for each peak in the Cz waveform. The cortical current density estimates have been thresholded to show the maximal activity at each peak.
Fig 2.
TEPs for right M1 stimulation.
(Upper) Butterfly plot of the average TMS-evoked activity from all electrodes (average of all 17 participants). Red line indicates Cz electrode. Timing of the peaks is indicated by vertical dashed lines. (Lower) Voltage distributions (top) and Minimum Norm estimates (bottom) of the TMS-evoked activity for each peak in the Cz waveform. The cortical current density estimates have been thresholded to show the maximal activity at each peak.
Fig 3.
TEPs for left M1 stimulation for MEP and no-MEP trials.
(Upper) Butterfly plot of the average TMS-evoked activity from all electrodes (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording) for trials with an MEP (left) and those without (right). Red line indicates Cz electrode. Timing of the peaks is indicated by vertical dashed lines. (Lower) Voltage distributions and cortical current density estimates of the TMS-evoked activity for each peak in the Cz waveform. The blue boxes and asterisks highlight the 60ms latency, for which the topography significantly differed between the MEP and no-MEP conditions for electrodes CP1, C1, and CP3 (p<0.05).
Fig 4.
TEPs for right M1 stimulation for MEP and no-MEP trials.
(Upper) Butterfly plot of the average TMS-evoked activity from all electrodes (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording) for trials with an MEP (left) and those without (right). Red line indicates Cz electrode. Timing of the peaks is indicated by vertical dashed lines. (Lower) Voltage distributions and cortical current density estimates of the TMS-evoked activity for each peak in the Cz waveform. The blue boxes and asterisks highlight the 54ms latency, for which the topography significantly differed between the MEP and no-MEP conditions for electrodes CP6 and C6 (p<0.05).
Fig 5.
Inflow and outflow amongst ROIs for left M1 stimulation.
Five ROIs were selected (left) using the cortical current density estimates for each latency (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording). The ROI corresponding to the stimulation target is indicated with a white x. Time-varying connectivity, as measured by the aDTF, was calculated for each of the five ROIs for trials containing MEPs (middle column) and trials without MEPs (right column), including both outflow (top row) and inflow (bottom row) patterns.
Fig 6.
Connectivity patterns amongst ROIs for left M1 stimulation.
Arrows indicate significant connectivity between ROIs at the 60ms (left), 100ms (middle left), 164 ms (middle right), and 270 ms (right) latencies (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording). The color of the arrow indicates the strength of the connection. White circles emphasize differences in connectivity patterns amongst trials with MEPs (top) and without MEPs (bottom).
Fig 7.
Inflow and outflow amongst ROIs for right M1 stimulation.
Five ROIs were selected (left) using the cortical current density estimates for each latency (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording). The ROI corresponding to the stimulation target is indicated with a white x. Time-varying connectivity, as measured by aDTF, was calculated for each of the five ROIs for trials containing MEPs (middle column) and trials without MEPs (right column), including both outflow (top row) and inflow (bottom row) patterns.
Fig 8.
Connectivity amongst ROIs for right M1 stimulation.
Arrows indicate significant connectivity between ROIs at the 54ms (left), 100ms (middle left), 164 ms (middle right), and 270 ms (right) latencies (average of 11 participants with simultaneous EMG recording). The color of the arrow indicates the strength of the connection. White circles emphasize differences in connectivity patterns amongst trials with MEPs (top) and without MEPs (bottom).