Table 1.
Study groups and fabricated biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds ratios.
Table 2.
Fluid characteristics of binder solution.
Fig 1.
Characteristics of 3D printed different composite ratios of HA/β-TCP scaffolds with 8.75 wt% phosphoric acid solution.
(A) Designed scaffolds using Solidworks CAD software. (B) The structural dimensions of the scaffolds. (C) Micro-CT and 3D reconstruction images of the scaffolds. (D) XRD pattern of the scaffolds with different HA/β-TCP ratios.
Fig 2.
Bibulous rate of the printed scaffolds (0.6 wt% polyvinyl alcohol + 0.25 wt% Tween 80 (P) and with 8.75 wt% phosphoric acid + 0.25 wt% Tween 80 (H)) with different HA/β-TCP ratios.
Table 3.
Dimensional variations of the scaffolds before and after measuring bibulous rate.
Fig 3.
(A) Mechanical properties test. (B) Fragment of bone scaffolds. (C) A stress–strain curve of the printed scaffolds (polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds (PVA) and phosphoric acid scaffolds (H3PO4)) with different HA/β-TCP ratios. (D) A representation of the compressive stress, corresponding strain and tangent modulus.
Table 4.
Mechanical properties of produced BCP scaffolds.
Fig 4.
Compressive strength of the scaffolds with different porosity.
Table 5.
Porosity of BCP scaffolds.
Fig 5.
(A) Comparison of experimental porosity. Design porosity was 50% and is represented by dashed line bars. (B) Comparison of experimental macropore size. Macropore size was 800μm and is represented by dashed line bars.
Fig 6.
SEM of 3D fabricating bone scaffolds.
(A) SEM of the phosphoric acid scaffold. (B) SEM of the phosphoric acid scaffold. (C) High magnification (500 ×) images of the red rectangle in B. (D) SEM of the polyvinyl alcohol scaffold. (E) SEM of the polyvinyl alcohol scaffold. (F) High magnification (500 ×) images of the red rectangle in E. In A, and D, red circles indicate design porosity; yellow circles indicate the tiny gap between the powder particles.
Fig 7.
The proliferation of BMSCs cultured on the biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds for 3, 7, and 14 days.
Significantly ($) higher than culture day 3 (p<0.05). *Significantly higher than the scaffolds with H2080, H4060 and H6040 (p<0.05).
Fig 8.
A and B depicts the morphology and distribution of the BMSCs attached on the H6040 and the P6040 scaffolds strut surfaces post culture 14 days.