Fig 1.
FE-SEM images of (a) bare-Pd/Fe, (c) HPMC-Pd/Fe, and (e) PAC-Pd/Fe NPs; (b), (d), and (f) are the particle size distribution histograms of NPs corresponding to (a), (c), and (e). Fe loading is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, cellulose is 1 g L-1.
Fig 2.
Molecular structures of PAC (a) and HPMC (b). The substituent R of HPMC molecular represents either a–CH3, or a–CH2CH(CH3)OH, or a hydrogen atom.
Table 1.
Molecular weight, pKa, and degree of substitution (D.S.) of PAC and HPMC.
Fig 3.
XRD images of (a) bare-Pd/Fe, (b) HPMC-Pd/Fe, and (c) PAC- Pd/Fe NPs. Fe loading is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, cellulose is 1 g L-1.
Fig 4.
XPS images of bare and cellulose-modified Pd/Fe NPs: (a) full-range XPS spectra, (b) C1s of bare-Pd/Fe NPs, (c) C1s of PAC-Pd/Fe NPs, (d) Fe 2p spectra. Fe loading is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, cellulose is 1 g L-1.
Fig 5.
FTIR spectra of (a) PAC, bare-Pd/Fe and PAC- Pd/Fe NPs; (b) HPMC, HPMC-Pd/Fe NPs. Fe loading is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, cellulose is 1 g L-1.
Fig 6.
Sedimentation curves of bare and cellulose-stabilized Pd/Fe NPs.
Fe concentration is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, cellulose is 1 g L-1, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three samples.
Fig 7.
Zeta (ζ) potentials of bare-Pd/Fe, HPMC-Pd/Fe, and PAC-Pd/Fe NPs as a function of solution pH.
Fe concentration is 0.4 g L-1 with Pd 0.3 wt% of Fe, HPMC and PAC are 1 g L-1, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three samples.
Fig 8.
(a) Debromination of BDE47 using bare and cellulose-stabilized Pd/Fe NPs, (b) The kinetics of BDE47 debromination. Initial BDE47 concentration (C0) = 1 mg L-1, iron dose = 0.4 g L-1, Pd/Fe mass ratio = 0.3%, Brij35 = 1 g L-1. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three samples.
Table 2.
Pseudo first order kinetics analysis of BDE47 reduction using bare and cellulose-stabilized Pd/Fe NPs.