Fig 1.
Map of Pakistan indicating current study areas (Map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri.
ArcGIS® and ArcMap™)
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study districts of Pakistan.
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2015).
Table 2.
Farm and household practices which pose risk of contracting brucellosis in animals and humans, included in a questionnaire among smallholder dairy farmers in Pakistan.
Table 3.
Demographic features of smallholder dairy farmers of Pakistan participating in a cross-sectional study on brucellosis (n = 420 farmers).
Table 4.
Knowledge and understanding about brucellosis among smallholder dairy farmers of Pakistan participating in a cross-sectional study on brucellosis (n = 420 farmers)
Fig 2.
Venn diagram showing the percentages of smallholder dairy farmers in Pakistan having combinations of multiple herd management practices posing a risk of brucellosis transmission within herd.
Table 5.
Herd management practices posing a risk for brucellosis transmission within herd reported by smallholder dairy farmers participating in a cross-section study on brucellosis in Pakistan (n = 420 farmers).
Table 6.
Summary of the univariable models for herd management risky practices showing the effect of District.
Columns of the table refer to specific practices (outcome variables) and rows refer to particular districts. Shown are the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the OR, relative to the reference district Badin in the Sindh province (OR = 1).
Table 7.
Summary of the final multivariable models for herd management risky practices.
Columns of the table refer to specific practices (outcome variables) and rows refer to predictor variables after the backward elimination process. P-values are shown for each predictor variable, followed by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the OR, relative to the reference group (OR = 1). No entries (——) indicate where there was no significant association in the final multivariable model.
Fig 3.
Venn diagram showing the percentages of smallholder dairy farmers in Pakistan having combinations of multiple household practices posing a risk of brucellosis transmission from animals to human.
Table 8.
Household practices that pose risk for brucellosis transmission reported by smallholder dairy farmers participating in a cross-section study on brucellosis in Pakistan (n = 420 farmers).
Table 9.
Summary of the univariable models for household practices showing the effect of District.
Columns of the table refer to specific practices (outcome variables) and rows refer to particular districts. Shown are the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the OR, relative to the reference district Badin in the Sindh province (OR = 1).
Table 10.
Summary of the final multivariable models for household risky practices.
Columns of the table refer to specific practices (outcome variables) and rows refer to predictor variables after the backward elimination process. P-values are shown for each predictor variable, followed by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the OR, relative to the reference group (OR = 1). No entries (——) indicate where there was no significant association in the final multivariable model.
Table 11.
Summary of the final multivariable models for the three risk scores.
Columns of the table refer to specific risk scores (outcome variables) and rows refer to predictor variables after the backward elimination process. P-values are shown for each predictor variable, followed by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the OR, relative to the reference group (OR = 1). OR from the ordinal logistic model refer to the odds of obtaining a certain score of higher, compared to a lower score, so OR > 1 implies increased risk.
Fig 4.
Model-based percentages in each household risk score category (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) across levels of farm cleaning risk scores, and across levels of brucellosis herd transmission risk scores.
These values are from the two-variable model and are averaged over the levels of the other factor in the model. Household risk scores and brucellosis herd transmission risk scores were calculated from the practices reported by smallholder dairy farmers who participated in a cross-sectional study on brucellosis in Pakistan
Table 12.
Descriptive results of self-reported practices and unsubstantiated beliefs among smallholder farmers of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan.