Fig 1.
Map showing the location of the sites on either side of the late Roman frontier.
Roman provinces map data adapted from the Ancient World Mapping Centre (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported); coast line and river data from the GSHHG [50]; elevation data from the GMTED2010 [51].
Fig 2.
Comparison of δ13C values at different sites shows the Hungarian sites falling between German and Inner Asian ones.
The colours indicate the general location of the sites. Red: Germany; blue: Inner Asia; green: Hungary (data from this study). Comparative data taken from published literature. Key to sites: WGT—Weingarten (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [9]; AED—Altenerding (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [10]; SB—Straubing (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [10]; OBM—Obermöllern (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [11]; RAT—Rathewitz (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [11]; AID—Ai-Dai (fifth to second century BC, western Siberia) [14]; AYM—Aymyrlyg (eighth to fifth century BC, western Siberia) [14]; TAV—Tavan Tolgoi (thirteenth to fourteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [89]; TSA—Tsaganchuluut (thirteenth to fourteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [89]; HMC—Hets Mountain Cave (fifteenth to sixteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [90]; KFP—Keszthely-Fenékpuszta; HAC—Hács-Béndekpuszta; GYS—Győr; MOZ—Mözs; SZO—Szolnok-Szanda. Columns are labelled as coll—collagen, M2 –second molar and M3 –third molar.
Fig 3.
Comparison of δ 15N values at different sites shows the Hungarian sites falling between German and Inner Asian ones.
The colours indicate the general location of the sites. Red: Germany; blue: Inner Asia; green: Hungary (data from this study). Key to sites: WGT—Weingarten (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [9]; AED—Altenerding (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [10]; SB—Straubing (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [10]; OBM—Obermöllern (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [11]; RAT—Rathewitz (fifth to sixth century AD, Germany) [11]; AID—Ai-Dai (fifth to second century BC, western Siberia) [14]; AYM—Aymyrlyg (eighth to fifth century BC, western Siberia) [14]; TAV—Tavan Tolgoi (thirteenth to fourteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [89]; TSA—Tsaganchuluut (thirteenth to fourteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [89]; HMC—Hets Mountain Cave (fifteenth to sixteenth century AD, eastern Mongolia) [90]; KFP—Keszthely-Fenékpuszta; HAC—Hács-Béndekpuszta; GYS—Győr; MOZ—Mözs; SZO—Szolnok-Szanda. Columns are labelled as coll—collagen, M2 –second molar and M3 –third molar.
Fig 4.
Scatter plots of δ13C and δ15N values of dentine and bone collagen at the five sites.
Changes of the course of the lifetime of individuals are indicated with arrows. Data points are labelled with grave numbers and information about age at death.
Fig 5.
Scatter plots of δ13Cdentine and δ13Capatite values at the five sites.
Tooth pairs indicating lifetime changes in diet are marked with arrows. The trendlines visualise the correlation between δ13Cdentine and δ13Capatite, and the correlation coefficient R2 and p value for each are indicated. Data points are labelled with grave numbers.
Fig 6.
87Sr/86Sr ratios of human tooth enamel from Keszthely, Hács, Mözs and Szolnok represented in relation to modern vegetation, water, and soil samples and archaeological fauna.
Tooth pairs are visualised with lines joining them. The shaded areas indicate local 87Sr/86Sr values. Shading extends from water samples (Balaton, Danube, Tisza), considered to be geological averages, to cover the local environmental variation. The environmental reference data for Keszthely and Hács are plotted between the human data of the two sites to show that they are relevant for both. For Mözs and Szolnok the reference data are shown to the left of the human data. Comparative data taken from published literature: 1 87Sr/86Sr ratios from an earlier study of some of the same individuals at Keszthely. The type of tooth used here could not be determined [92]; 2 comparative environmental data for the Balaton Region from [93]; 3 prehistoric fauna from the Körös valley, a tributary of the Tizsa [94].
Fig 7.
Comparison of δ18O values at different sites.
The colours indicate the region where the sites are located. Pink: Bohemia; orange: northern Hungary; green: data from this study. Comparative data taken from published literature: Kutná Hora and Radovesice I and II (fourth to third century BC) [96]; St. Benedict Cemetery, Prague (fifteenth to eighteenth century AD) [98]; Sajópetri (Avar-period, seventh to ninth century AD) [95]; KFP—Keszthely-Fenékpuszta; HAC—Hács-Béndekpuszta; GYS—Győr; MOZ—Mözs; SZO—Szolnok-Szanda. Outliers are labelled with grave numbers. Columns are labelled as M2 –second molar and M3 –third molar.