Fig 1.
Manual identification in a control subject of a) right atrial and b) left atrial regions of interest (red contours) in the axial plane (depicted during late ventricular systole/atrial filling phase) colour coded according to direction of the flow and c) generation of a three dimensional time-averaged phase contrast angiogram viewed from the right posterior aspect.
Fig 2.
Streamline visualization (velocity encoded) of ‘typical clockwise’ right atrial vortex during late ventricular systole/atrial filling phase in a control subject viewed from the right sagittal aspect, demonstrating positioning of the planes and contours in the caval veins and associated flow waveform across the cardiac cycle (*peak systolic flow, †peak diastolic flow, note negative SVC flow reflects directionality; flow magnitude only is reported in the results).
Fig 3.
Right atrial systolic flow patterns (streamlines) viewed from the right sagittal (left hand column) and anteroposterior (right hand column) projections during late ventricular systole/atrial filling phase.
SVC flow (red) and IVC flow (green).
Table 1.
Baseline demographics of subjects and controls including gender, age, physiological parameters and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.
Table 2.
Type of stroke, clinical management and findings of routine investigations in subjects.
Fig 4.
a) Right atrial flow (streamlines) visualized from a right anterior oblique aspect during late ventricular systole/atrial filling phase demonstrating multiple vortices in a CS-PFO subject with a preceding history of lower leg thrombophlebitis and b) retrograde flow (streamlines) in the descending aorta during late systole of CS-PFO patient with a concomitant history of systemic hypertension but no other risk factors.
Table 3.
Right Atrial Size and Flow Characteristics in CS-PFO group and matched controls.
Table 4.
Distance between vena cava in the right left plane (judged by comparing points at which centerlines of respective caval vein flows intersected with right atrial junction, S1 Fig) in CS-PFO group and controls.
Table 5.
Left atrial, anatomy, size and flow characteristics in CS-PFO group and matched controls.
Table 6.
Summary Data for Bland-Altman Plots to Characterize Inter and Intra Observer and Scan-Scan Reproducibility of Atrial 4D Flow Measurements.