Fig 1.
The Liverpool ADR Causality Assessment Tool (LCAT), with numbering of questions as used in this manuscript.
* Yes or unassessable. Unassessable refers to situations where the medicine is administered on one occasion (e.g. vaccine), the patient receives intermittent therapy (e.g. chemotherapy), or is on medication which cannot be stopped (e.g. immunosuppressants). †Examples of objective evidence: positive laboratory investigations of the causal ADR mechanism (not those merely confirming the adverse reaction), supra-therapeutic drug levels, good evidence of dose-dependent relationship with toxicity in the patient. LCAT reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Source: Gallagher [4].
Table 1.
Pairwise distribution of outcomes, when using the WHO-UMC system.
Table 2.
Pairwise distribution of outcomes, when using the LCAT.
Table 3.
Exact agreement (EA), extreme disagreement (ED), unweighted pairwise Cohen kappa (κ) and linearly-weighted pairwise Cohen kappa (κw) for each of six rater-pairs, using two different causality assessment methods.
Table 4.
Distribution of raters’ responses to LCAT questions.