Fig 1.
EIS curves of lithium-ion batteries with different SOC and maximum discharge capacities.
Table 1.
EIS test conditions.
Fig 2.
ECM based on the EIS response of the lithium-ion battery with 2855 mAh capacity and 60% SOC.
Fig 3.
(a) HPPC test of lithium-ion battery; (b) Simplified lithium-ion battery ECM based on EIS analysis and HPPC test.
Fig 4.
Flow chart of parameter identification.
Fig 5.
(a) Battery voltage and current response; (b) Tracing voltage and tracing error; (c) Voltage tracing error probability.
Fig 6.
Voltage tracing in UDDS drive cycle test.
(a) Battery current and voltage response in UDDS; (b) Voltage tracing of the UDDS test; (c) Voltage tracing error of the UDDS test; (d) Voltage tracing error probability distribution of the UDDS test.