Fig 1.
The fossil-bearing interval at Wadi El-Hitan.
A, Location of the Birket Qarun outcrop in the Fayum Depression; B, Measured stratigraphic section at the catfish hill showing the location of Qarmoutus hitanensis; C, New catfish materials exposed in the fine sandstone of the Birket Qarun Formation; D, Close-up view of Qarmoutus hitanensis left neurocranium in situ.
Table 1.
Measurements of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov following Longbottom [36].
Fig 2.
Dorsal view of the left neurocranium and nuchal plates of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 3.
Ventral view of the left neurocranium and nuchal plates of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 4.
Lateral view of the left neurocranium and nuchal plates of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 5.
Right dentary fragment of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Dorsal; B, Ventral; C, Lateral; D, Medial and E, Symphyseal views.
Fig 6.
Left suspensorium of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Medial view in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text and Lateral view in C, Photograph and D, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 7.
Left and right opercules of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Dorsal view of the left opercle in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text. Ventral view of the left opercle in C, Photograph and D, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text. Right operclular in E, Dorsal and F, Ventral views.
Fig 8.
Left posttemporal-supracleithrum of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Dorsal view in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text. Ventral view in C, Photograph and D, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 9.
Left pectoral girdle of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Dorsal view in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 10.
Left pectoral girdle of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Ventral view in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 11.
Left pectoral girdle spine of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Anterior; B, Ventral and C, Posterior views.
Fig 12.
Close up view on the base of the left pectoral girdle spine of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Dorsal and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 13.
First dorsal spine of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Anterior and B, Posterior views.
Fig 14.
Second dorsal spine of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Anterior and B, Posterior views.
Fig 15.
Second dorsal spine base of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Anterior view in A, Photograph and B, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text. Posterior view in C, Photograph and D, Line drawing showing the anatomical features mentioned in the text.
Fig 16.
Articulated second dorsal spine with the posterior nuchal plate of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
A, Anterior and B, Posterior views.
Fig 17.
Abdominal vertebrae of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov.
Seventh abdominal vertebra of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov. (MUVP 58). A, Anterior; B, Lateral; C, Posterior; D, Dorsal and E, Ventral views; eighth abdominal vertebra of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov. (MUVP 58). F, Anterior; G, Lateral; H, Posterior; I, Dorsal and J, Ventral views; ninth abdominal vertebra of Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov. (MUVP 58). K, Anterior; L, Lateral; M, Posterior; N, Dorsal and O, Ventral views. For the lateral view, anterior is toward the left; for dorsal and ventral views anterior is toward the top of the page.
Fig 18.
Comparative nuchal plate elements for the paleogene egyptian catfishes.
A, Qarmoutus hitanensis gen. et sp. nov. (MUVP 58); B, Fajumia schweinfurthi (Stromer, [21] and Peyer, [22]); C, Eopeyeria aegyptiaca (Peyer, [22]); D, Socnopaea grandis (Stromer, [21] and Peyer, [22]) and E, Arius fraasi (Peyer, [22]).
Fig 19.
Parsimony analysis of Ariidae with no topological constraints, all characters equally weighted.
Strict consensus of 1325 MPTs of 981 steps (CI excluding uninformative characters (CI) = 0.3247; Retention index (RI) = 0.8144; Rescaled consistency index (RCI) = 0.2723). Values above branches are bootstrap support values, based on 1,000 pseudoreplicates; values lower than 50 are not shown. Character support for nodes near Qarmoutus can be found in the main text.
Fig 20.
Parsimony analysis of Ariidae with molecular "scaffold" enforced, all characters equally weighted.
Relationships were constrained to be consistent with nodes that were strongly supported (Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.95) in Betancur-R's molecular phylogenetic analysis of Ariidae. Strict consensus of 2844 MPTs of 1221 steps (CI excluding uninformative characters (CI) = 0.2601; Retention index (RI) = 0.7462; Rescaled consistency index (RCI) = 0.2005). Character support for nodes near Qarmoutus can be found in the main text.
Fig 21.
Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Ariidae with no topological constraints.
"Allcompat" consensus (majority-rule plus compatible groups) of 7,500 post burn-in trees retained following 10 million MCMC generations, sampled every 1,000 generations. Values above or below branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities. Character support for nodes near Qarmoutus (parsimony optimization) is given in the main text.
Fig 22.
Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Ariidae with molecular "scaffold" enforced (using partial constraints).
Relationships were constrained to be consistent with nodes that were strongly supported (Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.95) in Betancur-R's molecular phylogenetic analysis of Ariidae. "Allcompat" consensus (majority-rule plus compatible groups) of 7,500 post burn-in trees retained following 10 million MCMC generations, sampled every 1,000 generations. Values above or below branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities. Character support for nodes near Qarmoutus (parsimony optimization) can be found in the main text.