Fig 1.
Dynamic changes in apparent morphology during rhizogenesis of Malus hupehensis cuttings (with IAA 100 mg•L−1 treatment).
A–I were after IAA hormone treatment of cuttings lasting 0 d, 9 d, 18 d, 27 d, 36 d, 45 d, 54 d, 63 d, and 72 d, respectively.
Table 1.
Morphological characteristics of Malus hupehensis during rhizogenesis of cuttings.
Fig 2.
Relationship between rooting stage of Malus hupehensis cuttings and rooting percentage.
A: Effects of different exogenous hormones on rooting percentage and rooting stage of Malus hupehensis cuttings, B: Correlation between different rooting stages and rooting percentage. P0 represents the date when cuttings were planted. S1 is the root pre-emergence stage, which represents the time from P0 to P3; and S2 is the early stage of root formation, which represents the time from P3 to P4. Rooting percentage data was transformed using arc sine after square-root transformation for ANOVA. Different lower case letters behind each rooting data indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 by using Duncan’s test.
Fig 3.
Changes in POD, SOD, and PPO enzyme activities during rhizogenesis in cuttings of M. hupehensis.
Table 2.
Characteristic values (peak and simultaneous values) of POD, SOD, and PPO in the phloem tissue of exogenous hormone-treated cuttings during rhizogenesis.
Fig 4.
Fitting relationship between the dynamic change in endogenous substances and the apparent critical points during rhizogenesis.
A: Schematic change in the levels of endogenous substances of cuttings during the formation of adventitious roots. B: The fit proportion between endogenous substances and the apparent critical points. P1’ represents the establishment of primordial cells in the adjacent cambium; P2’ represents adventitious root primordia and meristem initiation; P3 represents adventitious roots emergence through the epidermis of the stem; P4 represents the number of root ≥ 3, average root length ≥ 1 cm and the lateral root started to appear. *Adapted from references [15, 24–27]. Abbreviation: GA3, gibberellic acid; IBA, indole butyric acid; ZR, zeatin riboside.