Fig 1.
Four information tables included in JADER.
Four tables were included in the JADER database. The red number shows the number of reports obtained between April 2004 and January 20, 2016.
Fig 2.
Flowchart for the construction of data analysis tables.
We removed duplicated data from the drug information table (b) and REAC table (c) [21]. The DEMO table (a) was combined with the REAC table (c) and drug information table (b) using the ID number for each table. This table was called the “all data table.” In each patient, the causes of medication-related adverse events were classified into three categories: “suspected medicine,” “concomitant medicine,” and “interaction”. We only extracted the cases that were classified as “suspected medicine” into the “suspected medicine data table.” We then extracted cases with the adverse effect of “hiccups” from this table. In the same manner, we extracted cases of hiccups from all data tables. This information was shown in the “Hiccups data table.”.
Fig 3.
Cross-tabulation and calculation formula of the ROR of hiccups.
The cross-tabulation is structured with reports for the suspected drug, all other reports, reports with hiccups, and reports without hiccups (a–d indicate the number of cases). The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated as shown.
Fig 4.
Medicines associated with hiccups.
This figure shows the relationship between adverse effects such as hiccups and the medicine suspected to have caused them. The X-axis represents the reporting odds ratio (ROR) in the lnOR scale, and the Y-axis represents the P value in a–log10P scale. The red line shows the baseline of P = 0.05. Plot colors show differences in the number of patients who reported hiccups. The odds ratios were calculated through cross tabulation, as shown in Fig 3. Blue-to-red-color points indicate the number of times the adverse effect was reported (from 0 to 12).
Table 1.
Patient backgrounds.
Fig 5.
Adverse effects associated with gender.
This figure shows the relationship between adverse effects and gender. The X-axis represents the reporting odds ratio (ROR) in the lnOR scale, and the Y-axis represents the P value in a–log10P scale. The red line shows the baseline of P = 0.05. Plot colors show differences in the number of patients who reported adverse effects. Blue-to-red-color points indicate the number of times the adverse effect was reported (from 0 to 15,500). ROR = (number of reports with the adverse effect in men) (number of reports with all other adverse effects in women)/(number of reports with the adverse effect in women) (number of reports with all other adverse effects in men).
Table 2.
Results of Fisher’s exact test based on the presence or absence of hiccups with each medicine.
N = 972,220.
Fig 6.
Adverse effects associated with the intravenous route.
This figure shows the relationship between adverse effects of dexamethasone and the intravenous route. The X-axis represents the reporting odds ratio (ROR) in the lnOR scale, and the Y-axis represents the P value in a–log10P scale. The red line shows the baseline of P = 0.05. Plot colors show differences in the number of patients who reported adverse effects. Blue-to-red-color points indicate the number of times the adverse effect was reported (from 0 to 60). ROR = (number of reports with the adverse effect in intravenous route) (number of reports with all other adverse effects in other route)/(number of reports with the adverse effect in other route) (number of reports with all other adverse effects in intravenous route).
Table 3.
Results of a multiple logistic regression analysis using medication variables and patient background variables exhibiting significance.
N = 436,190.
Table 4.
Fisher’s exact test results according to the presence and absence of hiccups and the route of dexamethasone administration.
Table 5.
Use of anti-cancer drugs in hiccup patients based on dexamethasone use.