Fig 1.
Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the rpoB (823 bp) genes of Acinetobacter indicus-like strains IHIT27630 and IHIT27599 and 47 type or reference strains of known Acinetobacter species.
The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method. Bootstrap values (> 50%) after 1,000 simulations are shown at branch nodes. GenBank accession nos. are given in parentheses. Bar, 0.2 nucleotide substitutions per site.
Fig 2.
Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the rpoB (823 bp) genes of Acinetobacter indicus-like strains IHIT27630 and IHIT27599 and nine published A. indicus strains, including relevant information about original host, geographical background, year of isolation and possession of carbapenemases.
The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method. Bootstrap values (> 50%) after 1,000 simulations are shown at branch nodes. GenBank accession nos. are given in parentheses. Bar, 0.006 nucleotide substitutions per site. Carb-neg., carbapenemase negative.
Table 1.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of bovine Acinetobacter indicus-like isolates.
Fig 3.
Schematic maps of the genetic environment of blaOXA-23 in bovine A. indicus-like strains.
The interrupted Tn2008 is indicated with a solid line. Target site duplications are likely missing due to other insertion events, such as ISAcsp2 at the left border and ISAcra1 at the right border of Tn2008. IS, insertion site; IRL, inverted repeat left; IRR, inverted repeat right; ATPase (truncated), gene encoding the putative AAA ATPase; merR, gene encoding the transcriptional regulator MerR; cesD, gene encoding the cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance protein CesD; cro, gene encoding the Cro-like protein; cds, encoding a hypothetical protein. The figure is not to scale. GenBank accession nos. KU833218 (IHIT27599) and KU833219 (IHIT27630).
Fig 4.
Dose-dependent lethality of Galleria mellonella infected with Acinetobacter spp. strains.
Larvae were injected with different cfu (5x102 to 5x106) and survival was monitored over 72 h after infection. Mean values from at least four experiments are shown. Error bars show standard error of the mean.
Fig 5.
Acinetobacter spp. mediated cytotoxicity towards A549 human lung epithelial cells.
Confluent A549 monolayers were infected for 20 h with an MOI of 100 with the indicated bacteria. Supernatants were harvested and LDH activities determined. Mean value for Triton X-100 (positive control) was 924.0 ± 93.7 U/L. Medium (DMEM) was used as a negative control. Shown are mean values ± standard deviations from n = 3–4 experiments. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the control group (medium) and strains, respectively (* p<0.05; **p<0.001).
Table 2.
Presence and absence of virulence gene/protein orthologs in four Acintebacter species strains used for virulence assays.