Fig 1.
Map and bathymetry of the SCS and the ECPM.
Isobaths of 50 m, 70 m, 100 m, 1000 m, 2000 m, 3000 m, and 4000 m are presented. The rectangle on the left panel denotes the location of the ECPM. On the right panel, the asterisk points represent the latitudinal transect where Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are considered and the black circles represent the latitudinal transects where the SST data are obtained. SC denotes the southern coast (Tanjung Penyusop to Kuala Rompin); MC, the middle coast (Kuala Rompin to Dungun); and NC, the northern coast (Dungun to Tumpat). The shoreline and bathymetry data are obtained from Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database (GSHHG) [15] and 2-minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2v2) [16], respectively.
Fig 2.
Monthly climatology of surface wind vectors and magnitude (unit: m s-1).
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September.
Fig 3.
Ekman transport (unit: m3 s-1 m-1) monthly climatology.
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September.
Fig 4.
Monthly climatology of latitudinal Ekman transport (unit: m3 s-1 m-1) during the southwest monsoon.
(a) Qx and (b) Qy.
Fig 5.
Monthly climatology of latitudinal UIET (unit: m3 s-1 m-1) during the southwest monsoon.
Fig 6.
Ekman pumping (unit: m s-1) monthly climatology.
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September.
Fig 7.
Monthly climatology of SST (unit: °C).
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September.
Fig 8.
Monthly climatology of latitudinal UISST (unit: °C) during the southwest monsoon.
Table 1.
Southwest monsoon monthly upwelling estimates and their percentage contribution.
The estimations were based on 11 years’ average, from 2003 to 2013, integrated along the coastline of the ECPM.
Fig 9.
Monthly climatology of alongshore wind-induced upwelling estimates (unit: m3 s-1 m-1) along the ECPM.
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September. The estimations were based on 11 years’ average, from 2003 to 2013. The dotted lines represent the Ekman transport, the dashed lines represent the Ekman pumping and the solid lines represent the total upwelling transport.
Fig 10.
Percentage contribution of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping (unit: %).
(a) May, (b) June, (c) July, (d) August, and (e) September. The calculation was based on 11 years’ average, from 2003 to 2013. N, M, and S denote the northern, middle, and southern coasts, respectively, whereas T denotes the entire coastline of the ECPM. The bars in grey and dark grey represent the Ekman pumping and Ekman transport, respectively.