Table 1.
Median (range).
Table 2.
Exercises.
Fig 1.
Aquafins.
Fig 2.
Peak resultant hip and knee joint force (Fres) during one-legged stance in water with different water height levels.
0 cm corresponds to a chest-high water level. Due to different patient heights a water level at chest height was achieved with different numbers of platforms. BW = bodyweight.
Fig 3.
Peak hip (A) and knee (B) joint forces during exercises in water and on land.
Fres: resultant joint force. BW = bodyweight.
Table 3.
Joint force reduction during exercises in water compared to land.
Absolute and relative differences between median peak values on land and in water are given per group. P-values are only stated for a sample size of n = 6 per joint.
Fig 4.
Resultant hip and knee joint force (Fres) patterns during walking on land and in water.
Average force pattern of all subjects. BW = bodyweight.
Fig 5.
Influence of movement velocity and Aquafins on peak resultant hip (A) and knee (B) joint force (Fres) during hip and knee flexion/extension.
BW = bodyweight.
Table 4.
Influence of increased movement velocity on peak joint forces in water during flexion/extension.
Absolute and relative differences between median peak forces are given (increase (+), decrease (-)). P-values are only stated for a sample size of n = 6 per joint.
Table 5.
Influence of increased water resistance (Aquafins) on peak joint forces during flexion/extension.
Absolute and relative differences between median peak forces are given (increase (+), decrease (-)). P-values are only stated for a sample size of n = 6 per joint.
Fig 6.
Peak resultant hip joint forces (Fres) during aquatic exercises and walking on land.
Forces are given in % bodyweight (BW).
Fig 7.
Peak resultant knee joint forces (Fres) during aquatic exercises and walking on land.
Forces are given in % bodyweight (BW).