Table 1.
Call parameters of Dendropsophus spp. analyzed in this study.
Fig 1.
Maximum likelihood phylogram depicting relationships within the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus species group.
The phylogram was derived from analysis of 3400 bp of mitochondrial DNA (gene fragments 12S, 16S, ND1 and CO1). Museum catalog numbers and localities are shown for each sample. Bootstrap values are shown above the branches and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown below; missing values indicate values below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability). Outgroup species (Dendropsophus brevifrons, D. carnifex, D. parviceps and D. rhodopeplus) are not shown. Abbreviations are: BO Bolivia, CO Colombia, EC Ecuador, FG French Guiana, PE Peru, SU Suriname.
Fig 2.
Distribution of species of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus complex.
Localities are based of specimens deposited at Museo de Zoología of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Museo de Zoología of Universidad de São Paulo, the Herpetology collection of Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum and Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad CORBIDI. Locality data from the literature Moravec and Aparicio (2004) is shown in a hollow triangle.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogram depicting relationships within the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
The phylogram was derived from analysis of 1605 bp of nuclear DNA (gene fragments RAG-1, BDNF and POMC). Museum catalog numbers and localities are shown for each sample. Bootstrap values are shown above the branches and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown below; missing values indicate values below 50 (bootstrap) or 0.5 (posterior probability). Colors and binomen names refer to clades identified using mtDNA (see Fig 1).
Table 2.
Pairwise genetic distances (uncorrected p) of 16S DNA sequences among members of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
Table 3.
Snout-vent length of Dendropsophus arndti sp. n., D. leucophyllatus, D. reticulatus comb. nov., D. sp. D, D. sp. E, D. sp. F, D. sp. G, D. triangulum and D. vraemi sp. n.
Fig 4.
Sound spectrogram and corresponding oscillogram (above) of the calls of Dendropsophus leucophyllatus complex.
A–B: D. leucophyllatus (MZUSP 950161) from Alter do Chão, State of Pará; C–D: D. triangulum (QCAZA 44290) from Chiroisla, Province Orellana; E–F: D. reticulatus comb. nov. (QCAZA 369 and 49174) from Misahuallí and Maxus, Napo and Orellana provinces; G–H: D. arndti sp. n. (SMF 88390) from Yucuma, Province Beni. A, C, E, G are advertisement call and B, D, F, H aggressive calls.
Table 4.
Character loadings, eigenvalues, and percentage of explained variance for Principal Components (PC) I–II of specimens of the D. leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
Fig 5.
Axes I and II from Principal Components Analysis based on five acoustic variables from the advertisement calls of males of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
Dendropsophus arndti sp. n. (7 males), D. leucophyllatus (9), D. triangulum (11), D. reticulatus comb. nov. (4), D. sp. D (4), D. sp. F (2), and D. sp. G (5). See Table 4 for character loadings on each component.
Fig 6.
Adult preserved specimens of Dendropsophus leucophyllatus showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens.
From left to right, first and second rows: MNHN2015.129 (neotype), MNHN2015.132, MNHN2015.134, MNHN2015.133 (males); third and fourth rows: MNHN2015.127 (male), MNHN2015.131, MNHN2015.128 (females). See S1 Appendix for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.
Fig 7.
A) Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype of Hyla triangulum (holotype BMNH 68.11.15.2); B) dorsal view of the holotype of Hyla reticulata (holotype MNCN 3474).
Fig 8.
Adult preserved specimens of Dendropsophus triangulum showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.
From left to right, first and second rows: QCAZA 44539 (male), 35504, 44293, 44458, 44552 (females); third and fourth rows: CORBIDI 12194, QCAZA 44290, 44466, 44467, 44471, CORBIDI 11204 (males). See S1 Appendix for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.
Fig 9.
Adult preserved specimens of Dendropsophus reticulatus comb. nov. showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.
From left to right, first and second rows: QCAZA 43767, 44487, 14834, 43085, 43758, 44588 (females), 30955 (male); third and fourth rows: QCAZA 46396, 30956, 14836, 44589, 7909, 20408, 44668, 44669, CORBIDI 12253, QCAZA 43665 (males). See S1 Table for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.
Fig 10.
Dorsal views of the syntypes of Hyla membranacea (NHRM 1961; females).
Fig 11.
Dorsolateral and ventral views of the D. leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
A D. leucophyllatus, MNHN2015.134 (SVL = 26.8 mm), adult male; B–E D. triangulum, QCAZA 44291 (SVL = 31.3 mm), adult male, QCAZ 44293 (SVL = 41.3 mm), QCAZA 44456 (SVL = 40.2 mm), adult females, QCAZA 44539 (SVL = 33.3 mm), adult male; F–J D. reticulatus comb. nov., QCAZA 48711 (SVL = 26.5 mm), QCAZA 48701 (SVL = 26.5 mm), adult males, QCAZA 43084 (SVL = 31.6 mm), QCAZA 43758 (SVL = 34.2 mm), QCAZA 43767 (SVL = 35.7 mm), adult females; K–M D. arndti sp. n., SMF 88389 (holotype, SVL = 28.8 mm), SFM 88388 (SVL = 30.7 mm), SFM 88391 (SVL = 31.5 mm), adult males; N–O D. vraemi sp. n., CORBIDI 9614 (holotype, SVL = 26.6 mm), adult male. See S1 Appendix for locality data.
Fig 12.
Adult preserved specimens of Dendropsophus arndti sp. n. showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.
From left to right, first and second rows: SMF 88389 (holotype), 88387, 88392, 88383, 88391 (males); third and fourth rows: SMF 88388, 88386, 88385, 88390 (males). See type-series for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.
Table 5.
Descriptive statistics for advertisement calls parameters of species of the D. leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
Table 6.
Descriptive statistics for aggressive calls parameters of species of the D. leucophyllatus-triangulum complex.
Fig 13.
Adult preserved specimens of Dendropsophus vraemi sp. n. showing variation in dorsal and ventral coloration.
From left to right, first and second rows: CORBIDI 9614 (holotype), 9640, 9613, 9644 (males); third and fourth rows: CORBIDI 9643, 9646, 9642, 9641 (males). See type-series for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.