Table 1.
Specimens used in this study and there collection numbers.
Fig 1.
(A) Chondrocranium and frontoparietalia of R. amazonica in a dorsal view. Length and width of the frontoparietalia are marked by green double arrows, length and width of the chondrocranium (without palatoquadratum) are marked by black double arrows. (B) Chondrocranium (blue), m. suspensorioangularis (red) and m. hyoangularis (yellow) of R. imitator in a lateral view. The length of the m. hyoangularis is marked by a black double arrow. The part running without association to the m. suspensorioangularis is marked by a green double arrow. (C) Dissection of R. amazonica in a ventral view, scale bar 1mm. The visible part of the liver at the widest point of the inner organs is marked by a green double arrow. The complete width of all inner organs at this point is marked by a black double arrow.
Table 2.
Origin and insertion of chondrocranial muscles in a stage 41 tadpole of R. vanzolinii.
Fig 2.
Larval chondrocranium of Ranitomeya vanzolinii.
(A) Ventral view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (B) Dorsal view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (C) Dorsal view, cleared and stained specimen (cranium and backbone only), ossifications stained red, cartilage blue, scale bar 1mm. Limbs and girdles were lost during clearing. (D) Hyobranchial apparatus. (E) Lateral view. A, B, D and E were reconstructed from ZFMK 97369. C shows ZFMK 97379. All tadpoles used were in Gosner stage 41. bb: basibranchiale, ca: capsula auditiva, cb: ceratobranchialia, ch: ceratohyale, ci: cartilago infrarostralis, cm: cartilago meckeli, cot: commissurae terminales, cpq: curvatura posterior quadrati, cs: cartilago suprarostralis, ct: cornu trabeculae, eo: exoccipitale, fp: frontoparietale, pa: pars alaris, pao: processus antorbitalis, ph: planum hypobranchiale, pm: processus muscularis, pq: palatoquadratum, pr: pars reuniens, ps: parasphenoid, pta: planum trabeculae anticum, tc: trabecula cranii, ts: tectum synoticum.
Fig 3.
Chondrocranial muscles of Ranitomeya vanzolini.
The chondrocranium (blue) is shown in a dorsal view with all cranial muscles. The reconstruction was done from a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97369). For further information on the muscles we provide a 3D pdf in S1 3D pdf. In this model all muscles can be added to or removed from the scene by a checkbox. The model is rotatable and can be seen in all perspectives.
Fig 4.
Dissection of a tadpole of Ranitomeya vanzolinii.
Dissection of a stage 41 tadpole. Cartilage is stained with alcian blue. (A) Ventral view, body cavity opened, skin removed. (B) Ventral view, intestine removed. (C) Dorsal view, eyes removed. Scale bars 1mm.
Fig 5.
Larval chondrocranium of Ranitomeya imitator.
(A) Ventral view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (B) Dorsal view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (C) Dorsal view, cleared and stained specimen, ossifications stained red, cartilage blue, scale bar 1mm. (D) Hyobranchial apparatus. (E) Lateral view. A, B, D and E were reconstructed from ZFMK 97368. C shows ZFMK 97377. All tadpoles used were in Gosner stage 41. For abbreviations see Fig 2, additionally: po: prootic.
Fig 6.
Chondrocranial muscles of Ranitomeya imitator.
The chondrocranium (blue) is shown in a dorsal view with all cranial muscles. The reconstruction was done from a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97368). For further information on the muscles we provide a 3D pdf in S2 3D pdf. In this model all muscles can be added to or removed from the scene by a checkbox. The model is rotatable and can be seen in all perspectives.
Fig 7.
Dissection of a tadpole of Ranitomeya imitator.
Dissection of a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97364). Cartilage is stained with alcian blue. (A) Ventral view, body cavity opened, skin removed. (B) Ventral view, intestine removed. (C) Dorsal view, eyes removed. Scale bars 1mm.
Fig 8.
Larval chondrocranium of Ranitomeya amazonica.
(A) Ventral view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (B) Dorsal view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (C) Dorsal view, cleared and stained specimen, ossifications stained red, cartilage blue, scale bar 1mm. (D) Hyobranchial apparatus. (E) Lateral view. A, B, D and E were reconstructed from ZFMK 97366. C shows ZFMK 97375. All tadpoles used were in Gosner stage 41. For abbreviations see Fig 2.
Fig 9.
Chondrocranial muscles of Ranitomeya amazonica.
The chondrocranium (blue) is shown in a dorsal view with all cranial muscles. The reconstruction was done from a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97366). For further information on the muscles we provide a 3D pdf in S3 3D pdf. In this model all muscles can be added to or removed from the scene by a checkbox. The model is rotatable and can be seen in all perspectives.
Fig 10.
Dissection of a tadpole of Ranitomeya amazonica.
Dissection of a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97362). Cartilage is stained with alcian blue. (A) Ventral view, body cavity opened, skin removed. (B) Ventral view, intestine removed. (C) Dorsal view, eyes removed. Scale bars 1mm.
Fig 11.
Larval chondrocranium of Ranitomeya benedicta.
(A) Ventral view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (B) Dorsal view, ossifications shown in red, cartilage in blue. (C) Dorsal view, cleared and stained specimen, ossifications stained red, cartilage blue, scale bar 1mm. (D) Hyobranchial apparatus. (E) Lateral view. A, B, D and E were reconstructed from ZFMK 97367. C shows ZFMK 97376. All tadpoles used were in Gosner stage 41. For abbreviations see Fig 2.
Fig 12.
Chondrocranial muscles of Ranitomeya benedicta.
The chondrocranium (blue) is shown in a dorsal view with all cranial muscles. The reconstruction was done from a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97367). For further information on the muscles we provide a 3D pdf in S4 3D pdf. In this model all muscles can be added to or removed from the scene by a checkbox. The model is rotatable and can be seen in all perspectives.
Fig 13.
Dissection of a tadpole of Ranitomeya benedicta.
Dissection of a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97363). Cartilage is stained with alcian blue. (A) Ventral view, body cavity opened, skin removed. (B) Ventral view, intestine removed. (C) Dorsal view, eyes removed. Scale bars 1mm.
Fig 14.
Cleared and stained specimen of R. reticulata.
ZFMK 97378 in a dorsal view, ossifications stained red, cartilage blue, scale bar 1mm. For abbreviations see Fig 2.
Fig 15.
Dissection of a tadpole of Ranitomeya reticulata.
Dissection of a stage 41 tadpole (ZFMK 97365). Cartilage is stained with alcian blue. (A) Ventral view, body cavity opened, skin removed. (B) Ventral view, intestine removed. (C) Dorsal view, eyes removed. Scale bars 1mm.
Table 3.
Anatomical measurements in Ranitomeya tadpoles in Gosner stage 41.
Table 4.
Larval chondrocranial characters of dendrobatid species.